Ways For Choc Deluxe Ltd To Get Rid Of The Present Difficulties Essay - 4

Ways For Choc Deluxe Ltd To Get Rid Of The Present Difficulties - Essay Example The researcher states that in this era of global competition, all the multinational companies experience huge competition in the global framework. Such competition further intensifies due to the market expansion and increasing demand in the emerging markets of developing countries. Therefore, all the companies involved into business are required to maintain the quality standards of their products and services so that they can retain their competitive position in the concerned market segment and confirm the provision for future growth. Choc Deluxe Ltd. is a fictitious small-scale chocolate producing company that especially concentrates on premium segment. This global industry player has been able to establish its business within a short span of time and it is expected that the company will show a growth rate of 30% within the next five years period of time. Such growth has been forecasted by experiencing a huge demand for the products, particularly from the emerging economies. Therefo re, it is implied that the company is required to expand its production capacity in order to address such increasing demand in upcoming days. However, while planning for production expansion, management of Choc Deluxe Ltd. identified that they do not have required level of supply of Criollo cocoa beans, which is the key ingredient for the company’s products. As the Christmas was approaching, the company has already committed to supplying bulk of their products and services in various departmental stores and other retailers.

Memo- soaps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Memo- soaps - Essay Example According to the article the study has shown that some customers are not aware of existence of some brands. Some brand soaps like Lux, Dettol and Lifebouy have a high demand and on the other hand, there is less demand for brands such as Dyna, Camay and Sach. The research involved administration of questionnaires. These articles have gone further to give projections on the sale of liquid soaps and antibacterial soap. Soap marketers are trying to come up with new brands to try and heighten the current slow growth soap sales (Berger and Arthur 78). In Europe, tablet and liquid detergents account for the huge soap market. However, in US this is not the case as put by Kumra. The high cost of Raw materials has made the cost of the soaps to shoot. Cross-category branding has is a global strategy that has been used Dove and this has made its products to become competitive at global level. This memo has advised soap makers have to embrace efforts made on global branding and pay attention to established and new products so as to meet consumer’s expectations. I would love to discuss this with you at your earliest

Concepts of Scarcity and Choice

Concepts of Scarcity and Choice Economics can be defined as the study of the practical science of production and distribution of wealth ( J S MILLS). The objective of all persons is to earn money by working in order to satisfy their wants. Unfortunately people earnings are never enough in order to satisfy their unlimited wants as there is a lack of resources in terms of workers, raw materials, time, and money in order to produce all the products that we would like to acquire which causes the problem of scarcity. SCARCITY AND CHOICE Scarcity is a relative concept that is resources are scarce relatively to unlimited wants. The problem of scarcity exists in all dimensions that are in terms of individual, society as well as countries. For example as far as individual is concerned in search of improving our standard of living we are always striving to have better and more luxurious shelter, latest fashion clothing, full option types of transport, better health care etc but due to limited resources we cannot satisfy all these wants and in terms of countries Governments are always having difficulties in choosing where to invest there are too many necessities to fulfill due to lack of resources. As a result of scarcity each and every person as well as the Government needs to make a choice so that the limited available resources is used efficiently. OPPORTUNITY COST As a result of the lack of resources and the problem of scarcity, we have to choose and decide which products or services are most important for us to buy with the limited amount of money we earn and which ones are less important that we could forego. As in define by Susan Grant Opportunity cost is the cost of a decision in terms of the best alternative given up to achieve it. Say if I have one hour free time during which I can either go the cinema or at the seaside, if I choose going to the cinema then the next best alternative forgone is going at the seaside. Quantity of Good X Given a production point on a PPC (A). If a country chooses to produce more of good X- in other words moving to point B on the PPC, this can only be possible by decreasing resources out of the production of good Y to the production of good X, implying a reduction in the quantity of Y produced. Therefore in order to produce more of good X, a country needs to give up some amount of good Y. In other words there is an opportunity cost of producing more of good X. Opportunity cost of producing X X1 of good X= Y Y1 of good Y. Micro Economics Micro Economics is the study of the behaviors of individuals and companies in line with income, profits, prices of available goods and services. These behaviors are directly related to supply and market as well as taxes and regulations impose by the Government. For example in the case of an individual Micro Economics examines how the latter make decisions on which products or services to buy depending on his income and as regards to a company it is the study of how the decision makers minimize production cost so as to offer competitive prices on the market. Macro Economics Macro Economics, on the other hand is the study of economics at a larger scale that is how a national economy works and its direct impact on growth in national income, employment and price inflation. In other words Macro Economics can be explained as the global decision making of the Government and its impact on aggregate demand. For example, macroeconomics would look at how an increase/decrease in net exports would affect a nationsÂÂ  capital account or how GDP would be affected by unemployment rate. (http://www.investopedia.com). TASK 2 How demand curve is derived. In order to determine how a demand curve is derived we need to know what demand is. Demand is the willingness of potential consumers to buy goods and services at different level of prices. Figure 2 shows a demand curve The figure below shows what the demand for apple at different prices is. The curve illustrates that when Price of an apple is at $1 demand is 53 Price of an apple is at $2 demand is 38 Price of an apple is at $3 demand is 27 Price of an apple is at $4 demand is 17 Price of an apple is at $5 demand is 10 Thus we can deduce that normally the lower the price of an apple is offered at the higher is the demand and conversely the higher price of an apple is offered at the lower is the demand. Demand is inversely related to price that is in this case demand of the apple is inversely related to price of the apple. Normally producers of a specific product need to study the demand curve of that product so as to decide the number of unit to produce taking into consideration production cost. With regards to demand producers will produce the product in demand provided The amount of a particular economic good or service that a consumer or group of consumers will want to purchase at a given price. The demand curve is usually downward sloping, since consumers will want to buy more as price decreases. Demand for a good or service is determined by many different factors other than price, such as the price of substitute goods and complementary goods. In extreme cases, demand may be completely unrelated to price, or nearly infinite at a given price. Along with supply, demand is one of the two key determinants of the market price. Read more: http://www.investorwords.com/1396/demand.html#ixzz1Dpf4aWxl

James Lovell Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James A. Lovell, captain in the United States Navy was born on March 25, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents are James Arthur Senior and Blanch Lovell. You may have heard of James Lovell through the popular movie recently made named â€Å"Apollo 13†. Well, there is more to learn about Lovell than a movie about his dramatic journey back to Earth in 1970. Believe it or not he did do quite a bit more in his life that many people do not know about. Hopefully through reading this report you will learn many more facts about James A. Lovell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lovell’s interest in flying dated clear back into his early childhood. He loved to build rockets as a child. Though many of his first rockets were failures, Lovell was very persistent in what he was doing. His first successful rocket was launched from his backyard in Wisconsin when he was only twelve years old. It seemed as though James A. Lovell was destined to become a great pilot for the United States Space Program later on in his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lovell graduated from Juneau High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Straight out of high school James attended the University of Wisconsin for two years. He then went to the United States Naval Academy until 1952 where he received his Bachelor of Science degree. For six years afterward Lovell attended the Naval Test Pilot School. He finished there in 1958. Upon completion James was employed as a test pilot at Pax River’s Naval Air Test Center from 1958 until 1961. Some of his responsibilities at the test center were Program Manager for the F-4H Phantom, and was also accountable for looking over the plane’s weapon system. After that, Lovell served as a Flight Instructor at the Oceana Naval Air Station in Virginia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After all of Lovell’s hard work, it had finally paid off. In September 1962 he was chosen to become an astronaut. In Lovell’s career at NASA he flew on a total of four missions. He was also on the backup crew for five other missions. Lovell’s first time in space was aboard the Gemini Seven with Frank Borman. His second mission flown was Gemini Twelve with Pilot Edwin Aldrin. The third time he went up was with Frank Borman and William Anders in the Apollo Eight Spacecraft. Lovell’s fourth and final mission was Apollo Thirteen accompanied by Fred W. Haise Jr. and John L. S... ...ccurred. This left Apollo Thirteen crippled and without much hope of return to Earth. The men in the crew of Apollo Thirteen and the Ground Control in Houston worked very closely with each other finding every way possible to conserve power and oxygen. In the end, the crew of Apollo Thirteen splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean. This is the most dramatic mission NASA has ever conducted in the history of the space program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I would like to share some of the things Lovell did after his career in the space program. President Johnson appointed Lovell Consultant to the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Later in 1970 he became the chairman of the Council. Lovell then retired from NASA and the Navy in 1973 where then he became the Consultant of the Council again. He joined the Bay-Houston Towing Company in Houston. In 1977 he became President of Fisk Telephone Systems in Houston. With everything. taken into consideration, I would say James A. Lovell had a pretty exciting and well-lived life. Resources: http://imagine5.com http://www.ari.nct/nss/askastro/Lovell/biograpy.html http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/ http://mcn.org James Lovell Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James A. Lovell, captain in the United States Navy was born on March 25, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents are James Arthur Senior and Blanch Lovell. You may have heard of James Lovell through the popular movie recently made named â€Å"Apollo 13†. Well, there is more to learn about Lovell than a movie about his dramatic journey back to Earth in 1970. Believe it or not he did do quite a bit more in his life that many people do not know about. Hopefully through reading this report you will learn many more facts about James A. Lovell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lovell’s interest in flying dated clear back into his early childhood. He loved to build rockets as a child. Though many of his first rockets were failures, Lovell was very persistent in what he was doing. His first successful rocket was launched from his backyard in Wisconsin when he was only twelve years old. It seemed as though James A. Lovell was destined to become a great pilot for the United States Space Program later on in his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lovell graduated from Juneau High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Straight out of high school James attended the University of Wisconsin for two years. He then went to the United States Naval Academy until 1952 where he received his Bachelor of Science degree. For six years afterward Lovell attended the Naval Test Pilot School. He finished there in 1958. Upon completion James was employed as a test pilot at Pax River’s Naval Air Test Center from 1958 until 1961. Some of his responsibilities at the test center were Program Manager for the F-4H Phantom, and was also accountable for looking over the plane’s weapon system. After that, Lovell served as a Flight Instructor at the Oceana Naval Air Station in Virginia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After all of Lovell’s hard work, it had finally paid off. In September 1962 he was chosen to become an astronaut. In Lovell’s career at NASA he flew on a total of four missions. He was also on the backup crew for five other missions. Lovell’s first time in space was aboard the Gemini Seven with Frank Borman. His second mission flown was Gemini Twelve with Pilot Edwin Aldrin. The third time he went up was with Frank Borman and William Anders in the Apollo Eight Spacecraft. Lovell’s fourth and final mission was Apollo Thirteen accompanied by Fred W. Haise Jr. and John L. S... ...ccurred. This left Apollo Thirteen crippled and without much hope of return to Earth. The men in the crew of Apollo Thirteen and the Ground Control in Houston worked very closely with each other finding every way possible to conserve power and oxygen. In the end, the crew of Apollo Thirteen splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean. This is the most dramatic mission NASA has ever conducted in the history of the space program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I would like to share some of the things Lovell did after his career in the space program. President Johnson appointed Lovell Consultant to the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Later in 1970 he became the chairman of the Council. Lovell then retired from NASA and the Navy in 1973 where then he became the Consultant of the Council again. He joined the Bay-Houston Towing Company in Houston. In 1977 he became President of Fisk Telephone Systems in Houston. With everything. taken into consideration, I would say James A. Lovell had a pretty exciting and well-lived life. Resources: http://imagine5.com http://www.ari.nct/nss/askastro/Lovell/biograpy.html http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/ http://mcn.org

S.I.P sample

As of the mosquito, citronella can really repel it, and it is now proven by scientists. But as of the ants and the flies, we are trying to work on a simple experiment in which it can repel or kill them.Objectives: 1 . ) We used our classroom as the scenario, and as we all know, there are many ants, flies and mosquitoes in it. And we can't concentrate in what we are doing because of them. So, we conducted this s. I. P. To make us comfortable in our room without disruptions Just to kill mosquitoes, flies and ants. 2. ) We can also use this in our houses, if there are infestations of mosquitoes, ants or flies. 3. This liquid is not smelly as the others are, so you can breathe well even spraying it. 4. ) Our project only uses organic materials and we don't use Cuff's that can destroy our ozone. Significance: Our project might not be the first project to kill mosquitoes, flies and ants, but our only uses organic materials which is not common in making project insecticides. We decided to m ake this project for us to create our own version of organic insecticides.Our project is important nowadays because almost all of the commodities are now expensive, and we need to use our available resources as an alternative to all. And we chose to create an insecticides. Scope and limitations: alternative of In other insecticides, they can also kill cockroaches and even mice, but we chose not to our members because when we discussed how to conduct the experiment of it, one of suggested that we would be having a hard time catching cockroaches and mice, and we've all agreed to this.

Miracles: Possible of Not

It was not till the Enlightenment that the question began to be seriously asked, as to whether miracles are possible or not. Prior to this miracle was the substance of life in all strata of society, not only the unlettered. Belief in miracles emboldened belief per se. In the age of faith religion was the foundation of life, and belief in miracles indispensable to it. But with the rise of science and rationalism, and the corresponding demise of religion, the aspect of miracle too lost standing in the concerns of people. Where science was poised and eager to explain all observed phenomena, belief in miracles was an obvious casualty. According to David Hume’s definition, a miracle is â€Å"a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity, or by the interposition of some invisible agent† (1993, p. 77). The mere suggestion of a transgression of natural law was beginning to sound like a heresy to scientifically accustomed ears, even though attributed to the Deity. This paper examines the eighteenth century responses to the question of whether miracles or possible or not, and then broadens the scope to include modern and ancient perspectives. Hume was the first to tackle the question squarely, in the chapter titled â€Å"Of Miracles† in the 1948 publication An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. From purely metaphysical considerations the conclusion is that miracles are indeed possible. We must remember that the core of Hume’s philosophy is empirical skepticism. The materialists, weaned on the mechanics of Newton, were pronouncing outright miracles impossible. The laws of motion and gravity were successfully explaining the heavenly bodies, and hardly anyone suspected that they were not universal in scope. Newtonian mechanics has no place for miracles. This was almost a proof of the invalidity of miracles. But the proud determinism that they espoused had no philosophical foundation to it. Descartes, and the Cartesians, tried desperately for a metaphysics of materialism, but to know avail. Finally Hume overthrew all the strained Cartesian designs, and advanced a devastating critique of reason, as applied to empirical sense data, to deliver objective knowledge. It turned Enlightenment thinking on its head. Knowledge is not possible, and yet miracles are. The philosophers of materialism were stuck on the question as to how it is at all possible that mind interacts with matter. This is indeed a miracle of the highest order, and Hume cannot help but paint the wonder that is inherent in such an idea: For first: Is there any principle in all nature more mysterious than the union of soul with body; by which a supposed spiritual substance acquires such an influence over a material one, that the most refined thought is able to actuate the grossest matter? (Ibid 43) Hume draws the conclusion that it is quite impossible to describe or explain such a thing. So we cannot talk about interaction at all, not even in the parallel case where one inanimate object imparts momentum to another. We talk about the first body causing motion in the second, but we cannot describe an interaction having taken place between cause and effect. We can only observe that the effect has followed the cause, as if two separated events conjoined in time. There is no necessity that the effect must always follow the cause. If we do come to such a conclusion it can only be due to the fact that we have become accustomed to expect such. He then probes into the situation where the effect is unexpected. It seems that the laws of nature has been violated, and we begin to pronounce that a miracle has occurred. But we are hasty to do so, Hume points out. Just because we expect a certain outcome doesn’t imply that natural law dictates the same. He offers the example of the Indian who has never known snow hails miracle when he sees it falling, because nothing in his experience has prepared him for it. Sometimes our science makes us feel that we know the sum extent of natural law. The essence of Hume’s philosophy is that we do not know natural law, and the extent of out ability, regards knowledge, is to infer from experience. He thus leaves room for divine intervention, for natural law is in the hands of the Almighty, only that Hume is not prone to listen to the tall tales of the coarse and the gullible regarding miracles: Though the Being to whom the miracle is ascribed, be Almighty, it [the miracle] does not, upon that account, become a whit more probable, since it is impossible for us to know the attributes or actions of such a Being, otherwise than from the experience of his productions, in the usual course of nature. This still reduces us to past observations†¦ (Ibid 89) Hume is virulent and protracted in his attack against the popular report of miracles, which he thinks has more to do with base psychology than with proper faith. The common lot is so eager to see miracles that it latches on to any hoax and fraud that comes its way, and this is what Hume finds despicable. Such an attitude is understandable coming from a philosopher of the Enlightenment. However, if he had shown a little more empathy towards the gullible he would have recognized that the yearning for miracle is but a testimony of its preciousness. A Chinese proverb reads: â€Å"The miracle is not to fly in the air, or to walk on the water, but to walk on the earth† (qtd. in Moore, 2006, p. 69). However, it does not feel like a partaking in a miracle while walking the earth in one’s daily odyssey of toil and tears. People need to see explicit miracles only to keep them in touch with the miracle of life itself. Prayer itself, as the Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev puts it, is prayer but for a miracle: â€Å"Every prayer reduces itself to this: ‘Great God grant that twice two be not four’† (qtd. in Andrews, 1987, p. 207). Some scientists are finally coming to accept that miracles are indeed possible. Not in the sense in which Hume described it, who defined a miracle as a violation of natural law. He too insists that natural law cannot be violated, and miracle in that sense is impossible. When we come across a miracle we recognize it as such because it violates natural law, only as far as our limited understanding of natural law is concerned. Experience has taught us to expect nature to behave in certain ways, and for all intents and purposes this is natural law for us, the observer. When we observe the unexpected we feel that natural law has been violated, but it may only a new experience for us, like the Indian that Hume describes as coming across the miracle of snow. Polkinghorne therefore suggests an alternative description of miracle, which is not a violation of nature, but instead â€Å"exploration of a new regime of physical experience† (2001, p. 59). All our expectations derive from custom, says Hume, and therefore our worldview is indeed a science of probabilities. That which we expect to happen is probable, but no one can vouchsafe it as certain. Therefore the door is always left open to the improbable. All miracles must find berth in the bracket of improbability. If Hume put it so before the advent of modern science, at the very frontiers of that same science the verdict came back the same. Scientists are by and large determinists, as regards their philosophy. Indeed, the must be so necessarily, for the method of science, as outlined by Francis Bacon in the seventeenth century, induces from empirical evidence the fixed laws of nature. As he asserts in the New Organon, â€Å"I open and lay out a new and certain path for the mind to proceed in, starting directly from the simple sensuous perception† [italics my own] (7). The entire rationale behind such a method is the promise of certainty, as regards knowledge. All scientists necessarily have this object in view, as followers of the method of Bacon. It is agreed among them that the apex of this science is quantum physics. According to this discipline, there is no certain knowledge, not of an atomic particle’s position, nor of its velocity. The rule is codified in Heisenberg’s principle of uncertainty. It lays out a science of probabilities, with the aid of the highest mathematics and the most advanced principles of physics. Yet the essence of it is exactly the same as what Hume put forward as â€Å"custom†. In conclusion, we declare miracles possible or not depending on how we define a miracle. If we insist that it is a violation of natural law, then we must declare it impossible. On the other hand, if it is a highly improbable event, then it is by definition possible. We must remember that the realm of the improbable contains things beyond our wildest expectations, and therefore if we come across such we may mistake it for a violation of nature. References Andrews, R. (1987). The Routledge Dictionary of Quotations. New York: Routledge. Bacon, F. (2000). The New Organon. L. Jardine, M. Silverthorne (Eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hume, D. (1993). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. E. Steinberg (Ed.) Boston: Hackett Publishing. Moore, D. (2006). Zen Wisdom: Magnetic Quotes and Proverbs. Kennebunkport, ME: Cider Mill Press Book Publishers. Polkinghorne, J. C. (2001). Faith, Science and Understanding. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Role of China and India in Asia Essay Example

Role of China and India in Asia Essay Example Role of China and India in Asia Essay Role of China and India in Asia Essay Throughout history there have been many nations who have had great influence on modern society, although none have been as impactful as China and India. From ancient to contemporary times the effect the two nations have over not only Asia but the entire world is acutely impressive by historical standards. In this essay the spread of language, religion, and economic growth created by China and India throughout history will be discussed along with the long-term effect of such development.The Spread of Language According to Backlund and Ivy (2008), A language is a system of symbols (words or vocabulary) governed by rules (grammar) and patterns (syntax) common to a community of people (p. 144). The usage of language in order to communicate began millions of years ago and evolved alongside the early hominids. China and India, two of the world’s oldest and most prosperous nations have had tremendous effects on neighboring countries for millions of years, which include the use of both verbal and written language.The 1961 Census revealed that 1,652 languages are used in India alone, with 18 of them being considered major languages of the world. The official language of the government and well-educated individuals is Hindi, although the numerous State Governments within India are free to select any of the many Indian languages as their official language. Sanskrit, the original and sacred language of India has greatly affected South Asia, specifically the Arabic language, which is essentially a derivative of Sanskrit.Mandarin Chinese, the official and most prevalent language of China, has over 873 million fluent speakers as of 2005. However, the effect China’s language has had on its neighboring countries throughout history has been even more remarkable than the sheer number of speakers the language houses. In 111 BCE the Han Empire held control over Vietnam for close to a millennium, greatly impacting the Vietnamese language and writing style. Furthermore, Korea also became affected by the Chinese language when taken over by Chinese leaders during the first century BCE.In addition Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism aided in the spread of written Chinese across East Asia, which also prompted the modification of central governments in Japan, Vietnam, and Korea. Written Chinese thus became the language of politicians and scholars, uniting the nations by means of transcribed communication. The Spread of Religious Systems The Religions Of India (2003) website states that a number of world religions originated in India, and others that started elsewhere found fertile ground for growth there (para. 5).The most prevalent religions of India include Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. As of 2011 there are an estimated 750 million followers of Hinduism, 350 million Buddhist, and 4. 2 million Jainism followers worldwide (para. 9). The spread of Buddhism, a branch of Hinduism, has spread and affected much of East Asia, including China. Indeed, Buddhism is the dominant religion of China, winning in popularity over Chinese born religions Confucianism and Taoism. It was in China, however, that Buddhism gained popularity and spread worldwide.Taoism, a religious philosophy formed by Tao-Te Ching, gained reputation and followers in the island nation of Japan more so than in China. However, it was during the same time period that Tao-Te Ching shaped Taoism that the more popular and politically excepted religion of Confucianism, created by Chinese philosopher Confucius, made way in China. The teachings and principles of Confucianism were quickly adopted by other Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. The Effect of India and China on the Global Economy and Regional EconomicsSince the beginning of India and China’s history the two countries have had a large impact on the surrounding countries through import and export. Ancient Chinese history reveals historical national focus on industry, trade and commerce, and agriculture as key economic activities; requirements for a prosperous economy to flourish. Furthermore, the Silk Route (beginning in China) stretched 4,000 miles across Asia in order to trade resources with not only other Asian nations, but Europe as well. As of today China is the world’s second largest economy.Furthermore, China’s political history has aided in shaping modern Asia in several ways. Confucianism, for example, has played a large role in much of Asia’s political as well as social systems. Also, the Ch’in Dynasty began and formed the first functioning empire-a political system used in many parts of early Asia, but it wasn’t until the T’ang Dynasty that a more modern shape took place in Chinese politics when government officials were selected to aid the emperor in ruling the Chinese Empire.Lastly, the Chinese military system has greatly influenced the workings of other Asian nation’s military structure. India was the first Asian nation to fully adopt democracy (and is the world’s largest), with its neighbors trailing behind by forming similar political systems, such as Japan, which is a parliamentary representative democratic monarchy. Additionally, India became one of the original members of the United Nations and has continued to be active in UN debates.Economically the Spice Trade was the first trade route that connected imports and exports from Europe to Southern Asia. Moreover, India has continued to be a chief participant in global trade, and has excelled in their scientific accomplishments. States Jayati Ghosh, a professor of economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University, Indias growth [in the global market] is strongly related to internal and external liberalization measures that generated booms in some domestic economic activities (Ghosh, 2012).While the world has seen much change over the course of human history the impact of India and China has been tremendous in regards to many of Asia’s political systems, religions, and languages both verbal and written. Furthermore, the world has been affected by China and India’s booming economies of imports and exports, causing the indication of a new world power to become virtually eminent. Through further globalization as well as liberalization these two power-houses have nowhere to go but up in the economic hemisphere.

Accupuncture essays

Accupuncture essays Imagine having crippling back pain as you arise out of bed every morning, or sharp pains in your shoulders and knees that no longer allow you to perform up to your actual ability. Whether it is in athletics, at work, or even just through out your daily life these problems can hinder you from being able to perform at your best. Imagine a therapy that can cure these physical disabilities, relieve stress, and put an end to depression. Acupuncture is an alternative means of therapy that can do just that. People use acupuncture for many different bodily illnesses, mental illnesses, and addiction problems. One expert states that it can be performed in numerous ways including using heat, pressure, friction, suction, and sending impulses of electromagnetic energy to specific anatomic points in the body, but most commonly performed using needles. (Cook, 1999) Today there are many options when choosing an approach for improved health and health care. Not only are we making intense progress in modern medicines, but also the use of alternative medicines is widely increasing. One form of alternative medicine that is widely used today is acupuncture. Acupuncture has been a complete system of treatment for at least two thousand years. First documented in ancient China, acupuncture over the past two thousand years, has continued to evolve and develop. Along with the growing use of this alternative form of treatment, more people in the western culture must be informed of the many benefits that can be received with this type of therapy. More people must know their current options in todays medicine. Acupuncture is an ancient form of healing that has proven safe and effective in treating a variety of conditions. Many people are unaware of what acupuncture really is. According to J.M. Helms (2001), Acupuncture is a method of encouraging the body to promote natural healing and improve functioning. This is done by inserting needles an...

Campbell’s Food Industry Competition

Campbells Food Industry Competition The rivalry among companies in the food processing industry is high and intense. These food processing companies are competing on price, quality, taste, health factors, product innovation, and product benefits (The Food Processing Industry 2006). Campbell’s major rivals are General Millis Progresso, Heinz and Kraft Foods. As a multinational food processing company, Campbell’s faces an extremely competitive market in internationally, nationally and locally due to the similarities between each soup producer and wider selection of products provided by other food processing company. (Ellison, Sarah 2003) On the other hand, various types of generic soup brands in the existing market which offer products in lower price have raised the competitive pressure. However, the Campbell’s high quality of soup products and the ability to keep low production costs weaken the rivalry of the generic soup brands. For instance, Campbell’s price their soup products only 20 t o 25% higher than generic brands while maintaining a level high quality. Campbell’s would have to continue developing superior healthy food to distinguish itself from Progresso and smaller soup maker companies. 3.1.2 Threat of New Entrants The threat of entry depends on the presence of entry barriers and the presence of new entrants to a food processing industry typically bring to it new capacity and the want to gain market share. (Wheelen & Hunger J.D 2007) Campbell’s major rival- Kraft foods and General Mills, create high entry barriers in food processing industry through their high levels of advertising and promotion. Besides, the intense competition in the food processing industry makes it hard to access in the market. Smaller food processing companies often have difficulty obtaining supermarket shelf space for their products as large retailers charge for space on their shelves and give priority to the established companies who can pay for the advertising needed to generate high customer demand. According to Ghemawat & Collis (2001), the economy is a major factor as if the company wants to be a part in this food processing industry it must be able to face high costs for strong competition. Moreover, the slow market growth rate for the food processing industry causes acquisition between companies, resulted the barriers to entry are high with so many food processing companies and little to zero capacity remaining for any more companies. 3.1.3-The Threat of Substitutes Products The rivalry from firms of other industries which offer substitute products is intense as they are producing, supplying and serving the same food products that the food processing companies are. For example, Dunkin’ Donuts is in the foodservice industry and Campbell Soup Company is in the food processing industry, yet Dunkin’ Donuts serves soup and Campbell Soup sells soup. Consumers can still go to Dunkin’ Donuts and acquire the similar soups that Campbell sells. (Wall Street Journal 2003) 3.1.4- Bargaining power of buyers Consumers affect the food processing industry through their ability to force down prices, bargain for higher products quality and services, and play competitors against each other. The bargaining power of buyers is high as there are huge tendency of new entrance with new and variety of products. Besides, consumers prefer choosing products which offer lower prices. For example, Campbell’s soup products price is relatively 20 to 25% higher than generic brands in grocery stores, hence some consumers would choose generic brand products in the market rather than Campbell’s. Besides, the profitability obtained by the company is also determined by consumers. Food processing companies would be forced to lower prices if consumers think that the prices are too expensive as consumers tend to stop buying their products or switch to supplements.

Choose 1 from 3 topics below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Choose 1 from 3 topics below - Essay Example Released in 1937 and directed by Yuan Muzhi, Street Angel is one such Chinese film that shows the society’s gender roles. According to the films, girls are vulnerable groups who must always live in a specific manner and in the guidance of a family. The two sisters, Xiao Hong and  Xiao Yun flee the war in in North Eastern parts of China to Shanghai. Girls are always more likely to suffer massive loses in cases of war among other types of conflicts. The same is the case in the film since the girls have to flee their hometown in order to avoid brutal murder in the wars. The developers of the film portray the vulnerability of the two girls from the beginning of the film where the girls cannot survive in the war torn areas in the North Eastern parts of the country and must therefore flee. The film shows that among those fleeing are women and children. Women and children belong to the same category owing to their vulnerability and defenseless nature especially in cases of such militarized conflicts. They must therefore seek refuge in safe parts of the country. The fact that gender roles are cultural features of a society implies that the roles are as dynamic as cultural and social values are. Cultures change with time and this often influences the gender roles in the society, which must always conform to the prevailing values. Wars are social features that epitome the internal or external conflicts in a society. During wars, people disregard the social and cultural values since they seek to resolve their conflicts after which they will create new social structures. The film begins with a war in North Eastern part of China. The war creates mayhem in which causes deaths of children and rape of women and girls. Such basic occurrences expose women and children to an unfamiliar harshness. This validates the need for the two vulnerable

Abu-Dhabi City Using GIS Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Abu-Dhabi City Using GIS Techniques - Essay Example While agencies are conventionally linked with catching the criminals after the crime, they are also tasked with preventing crimes before they happen (Dressler, 2002). To do this, Police not only take active measures but also use intelligence gathering and data to develop strategies. Traditionally, resources have always been limited and impeccably utilizing this data has been questioned. Collecting actual information from different sources is the prime responsibility of any intelligence organization. Although different tools of technical devices are in operation in gathering information, to me, these are inadequate and as a consequence, we are not able to pre-empt the impending danger of criminal activities. Main issues posing hurdles in identifying the ensuing possibility of any danger lies in (a) effective information sources (b) coordination (c) timely actionable information/intelligence (d) quick decision makers, etc. The only effective way to combat criminal activities is the ado ption of high-end Technologies. This would definitely act as force multipliers; improve in decision-making not only in police organizations but also in other government agencies. One solution to this is the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for crime analysis (Chainey and Ratcliffe, 2005). A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a blend of computer technologies that incorporate huge databases of spatial data and provides a display and query interface for constructing and analyzing spatial relationships. GIS utilizes both geography and computer-generated maps as an interface for incorporating and assessing huge amounts of location-based information.  

Cyberlaw Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Cyberlaw Research - Essay Example From the essay's analysis, it may be seen that new legislation does indeed impact upon individual liberties. In cases such as that of Jose Padilla discussed in the essay, the actions of the Government have been dismissed by the Courts as violative of constitutional rights to freedom. Terrorists now have access to Cyber weapons such as TEDs, RF munitions, TEMPEST monitoring devices and electromagnetic bombs in addition to the uploading of malicious viruses. By hacking into the access codes for control of weapons and missile systems of the United States of America, or locations such as the World Trade Center, terrorists can create havoc – long distance and unidentified. The purpose of a terrorist attack is to generate fear in the mind of the victim. Serious cyber attacks can be conceived and planned without detectable logistic preparation. They can be invisibly reconnoitered, clandestinely rehearsed, and then mounted in a matter of minutes or even seconds without revealing the i dentity and location of the attacker. Through manipulation of cyberspace architecture and increased surveillance in the US today, online activity is being regulated today. The restrictive immigration laws have ensured that the likelihood of a large scale attack is defused. But this cannot be equated to a victory for terrorists. The researcher states that there must be more emphasis on preserving individual liberties but it is not of a magnitude that justifies the conclusion that the terrorists have won the war.

Michelle Obama should be in 2010 Time Magezine Essay

Michelle Obama should be in 2010 Time Magezine - Essay Example A lot of the criticism of Michelle comes from people who seek to demonize her husband. It is all politics. They see Michelle as a kind of radical who supported black nationalism in her youth. These caricatures are offensive and do a disservice to American political discourse. Nevertheless, they form part of the background noise that follows Michelle and the Obama administration. There are still those who would use racial issues to divide us, no matter how much Michelle and her husband have risen above these problems and inspired the country. Michelle has a number of fantastic initiatives to which she dedicates a great deal of time. In recognition of her selfless work on behalf of these cause she should be one of Time Magazine's Most Influential People. One of her biggest accomplishments has been to support military families. America is currently engaged in two wars. One in Afghanistan and one in Iraq. Both of these conflicts take a huge toll on America's fighting men and women. Famil y members are away for months at a time on active duty, away from their spouses and children. They are always in harms way; family members are always waiting beside the phone for the dreaded call. Their families need support. This is one of the best things that Michelle does. She promotes and helps military families and helps to ensure that they get the respect that they so richly deserve.

Plato's view of immortality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plato's view of immortality - Essay Example lato believes that only a soul of a philosophical lover of knowledge and virtue is worthy of traveling beyond the process of rebirth to ultimate fulfillment. Plato believed in the immortality of the soul and the overall. Plato believed that the body played no real role in who we are as people; the only thing that shows who we are is our soul. Plato even suggests that death could be like an eternal sleep, where none of the senses are active. However, Plato says that it would be better to travel to a place where one could converse with all the great thinkers of the past. Plato argues that our soul is immortal because we are born with some form of intelligence within us. He argues that since things are supposedly born from opposites, life can only be birthed from death.[Plato, Republic] Plato denies that fever, or any other disease, or the knife put to the throat, or even the cutting up of the whole body into the minutest pieces, can destroy the soul, until she herself is proved to become more unholy or unrighteous in consequence of these things being done to the body; but that the soul, or anything else if not destroyed by an internal evil, can be destroyed by an external one, is not to be affirmed by any man.[Plato, Republic] Soul cannot be destroyed by an evil whether inherent or external, must exist forever, and if exists forever is immortal. Plato, in Republic asserts that the immortality is demonstrated by the previous argument, and there are many other proofs; but to see it as what it really is, not as we now behold it, marred by communion with the body and other miseries, you must contemplate it with the eye of reason, in its original purity; and then beauty will be revealed, and justice and injustice and all the things which we have described will be manifested more clearly. Thus far, we have spoken the truth concerning as it appears at present, but we must remember also that we have seen it only in a condition which may be compared to that of the sea-god,

Acoustic emission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Acoustic emission - Essay Example nown as AE sensors and the substance is normally left un-impacted since the energy emanates from the location of the occurrence and therefore there are no requirements for any energy from the outside environment (Jolly, 78). One of the most powerful means used in ascertaining the substance’s (those succumbed with stress) internal alterations and tendencies is the acoustic emission (AE) testing. The tool basically an efficient method of determining the changes caused from the breaking of fibers, cracks elongations, other instances of on-going destruction taking place in Substances that are stressed, and so on, by simply detecting and changing into electric impulses these waves of sound produced. In other words, this is simply to allude that substances which are under some stress usually scream or talk and the AE testing tool comes in handy in ‘listening’ to these sounds and noises (Scruby, 124). The pioneer AE testing was performed by the U.S Navy in 1961 in the industry of the Aerospace. The goal of this study (hydrostatic testing) was to determine the Polaris rocket’s efficiency and a decision was later struck to employ equipment for the analysis of the level of sound, a tape recorder and contact microphones upon the detection of sounds that were audible. Additionally, at the Testing Station for the National Reactor in the onset months of 1965, the AE was successfully put into use by surveyors who were striving to find ways of ascertaining the nuclear reactors’ coolant losses. From that time onwards, the acoustic emission has been used with much success in monitoring things such as the wear of tools, wears in engines, failures in civil structures, growth of fatigue, the integrity of structures and the escalation of tear in laminates of composite kinds (Scruby, 200). Changes in temperature, when welding is taking place, usually cause between the base material and the weld stresses where in certain instances there are observed small cracks. In 1969, Dr.

Plato's view of immortality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plato's view of immortality - Essay Example lato believes that only a soul of a philosophical lover of knowledge and virtue is worthy of traveling beyond the process of rebirth to ultimate fulfillment. Plato believed in the immortality of the soul and the overall. Plato believed that the body played no real role in who we are as people; the only thing that shows who we are is our soul. Plato even suggests that death could be like an eternal sleep, where none of the senses are active. However, Plato says that it would be better to travel to a place where one could converse with all the great thinkers of the past. Plato argues that our soul is immortal because we are born with some form of intelligence within us. He argues that since things are supposedly born from opposites, life can only be birthed from death.[Plato, Republic] Plato denies that fever, or any other disease, or the knife put to the throat, or even the cutting up of the whole body into the minutest pieces, can destroy the soul, until she herself is proved to become more unholy or unrighteous in consequence of these things being done to the body; but that the soul, or anything else if not destroyed by an internal evil, can be destroyed by an external one, is not to be affirmed by any man.[Plato, Republic] Soul cannot be destroyed by an evil whether inherent or external, must exist forever, and if exists forever is immortal. Plato, in Republic asserts that the immortality is demonstrated by the previous argument, and there are many other proofs; but to see it as what it really is, not as we now behold it, marred by communion with the body and other miseries, you must contemplate it with the eye of reason, in its original purity; and then beauty will be revealed, and justice and injustice and all the things which we have described will be manifested more clearly. Thus far, we have spoken the truth concerning as it appears at present, but we must remember also that we have seen it only in a condition which may be compared to that of the sea-god,

Inflation Rate Essay Example for Free

Inflation Rate Essay Inflation means a sustained increase in the aggregate or general price level in an economy. Inflation means there is an increase in the cost of living. What are the economic policies that lead to low inflation in an economy? 1. Monetary Policy In the UK and US, monetary policy is the most important tool for maintaining low inflation. In the UK, monetary policy is set by the MPC of the Bank of England. They are given an inflation target by the government. This inflation target is 2%+/-1 and the MPC use interest rates to try and achieve this target. The first step is for the MPC to try and predict future inflation. They look at various economic statistics and try to decide whether the economy is overheating. If inflation is forecast to increase above the target, the MPC will increase interest rates. Increased interest rates will help reduce the growth of Aggregate Demand in the economy. The slower growth will then lead to lower inflation. Higher interest rates reduce consumer spending because: * Increased interest rates increase the cost of borrowing, discouraging consumers from borrowing and spending. * Increased interest rates make it more attractive to save money * Increased interest rates reduce the disposable income of those with mortgages. * Higher interest rates increased the value of the exchange rate leading to lower exports and more imports. Base Rates and Inflation Base interest rates were increased in the late 1980s / 1990 to try and control the rise in inflation. 2. Supply Side Policies Supply side policies aim to increase long term competitiveness and productivity. For example, privatisation and deregulation were hoped to make firms more productive. Therefore, in the long run supply side policies can help reduce inflationary pressures. However, supply side policies work very much in the long term. They cannot be used to reduce sudden increases in the inflation rate. 3. Fiscal Policy This is another demand side policy, similar in effect to Monetary Policy. Fiscal policy involves the government changing tax and spending levels in order to influence the level of Aggregate Demand. To reduce inflationary pressures the government can increase tax and reduce government spending. This will reduce AD. 4. Exchange Rate Policy In the late 1980s the UK joined the ERM, as a means to control inflation. It was felt that by keeping the value of the pound high, it would help reduce inflationary pressures. The policy did reduce inflation, but at the cost of a recession. To maintain the value of the  £ against the DM, the government had to increase interest rates to 15%. The UK no longer uses this as an inflationary policy. 5. Wage Control Wage growth is a key factor in determining inflation. If wages increase quickly it will cause high inflation. In the 1970s, there was a brief attempt at wage controls which tried to limit wage growth. However, it was effectively dropped because it was difficult to widely enforce. Main Cause of Inflation 1. Demand pull inflation If the economy is at or close to full employment then an increase in AD leads to an increase in the price level. As firms reach full capacity, they respond by putting up prices leading to inflation. AD can increase due to an increase in any of its components C+I+G+X-M The link between output and inflation suggests that there will be a similar link between inflation and unemployment, The Phillips curve initially showed a link between money wages and unemployment, it was then argued an increase in wages would lead to inflation 2. Cost Push Inflation If there is an increase in the costs of firms, then firms will pass this on to consumers. There will be a shift to the left in the AS. Cost push inflation can be caused by many factors 1. The Labour Market If trades unions can present a common front then they can bargain for higher wages, this will lead to wage inflation. 2. Import prices One third of all goods are imported in the UK. If there is a devaluation then import prices will become more expensive leading to an increase in inflation E.G. a German car costs DM 40,000. If the exchange rate is DM  £1:3DM then it will be priced at  £13,333. If the E.R falls to  £1: 2DM then it will be priced at  £20,000 3. Raw Material Prices, The best example is the price of oil, if the oil price increase by 20% then this will have a significant impact on most goods in the economy and this will lead to cost push inflation. E.g. in early 2008, there was a spike in the price of oil to over $150 causing a rise in inflation. 4. Profit Push Inflation When firms push up prices to get higher rates of inflation. 5. Declining productivity If firms become less productive and allow costs to rise, this invariably leads to higher prices. Source: http://www.economicshelp.org/index.html PHILIPPINES INFLATION RATE The inflation rate in Philippines was recorded at 2.90 percent in December of 2012. Inflation Rate in Philippines is reported by the The National Statistics Office (NSO). Historically, from 1958 until 2012, Philippines Inflation Rate averaged 9.1 Percent reaching an all time high of 62.8 Percent in September of 1984 and a record low of -2.1 Percent in January of 1959. In Philippines, the most important categories in the Consumer Price Index are: food and non-alcoholic beverages (39 percent of total weight); housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels (22 percent) and transport (8 percent). The index also includes health (3 percent), education (3 percent), clothing and footwear (3 percent), communication (2 percent) and recreation and culture (2 percent). Alcoholic beverages, tobacco, furnishing, household equipment, restaurants and other goods and services account for the remaining 15 percent. This page includes a chart with historical data for Philippines Inflation Rate. Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/philippines/inflation-cpi causes Historically, a great deal of economic literature was concerned with the question of what causes inflation and what effect it has. There were different schools of thought as to the causes of inflation. Most can be divided into two broad areas: quality theories of inflation and quantity theories of inflation. The quality theory of inflation rests on the expectation of a seller accepting currency to be able to exchange that currency at a later time for goods that are desirable as a buyer. The quantity theory of inflation rests on the quantity equation of money, that relates the money supply, itsvelocity, and the nominal value of exchanges. Adam Smith and David Hume proposed a quantity theory of inflation for money, and a quality theory of inflation for production.[citation needed] Currently, the quantity theory of money is widely accepted as an accurate model of inflation in the long run. Consequently, there is now broad agreement among economists that in the long run, the inflation rate is essentially dependent on the growth rate of money supply relative to the growth of the economy. However, in the short and medium term inflation may be affected by supply and demand pressures in the economy, and influenced by the relative elasticity of wages, prices and interest rates.[29] The question of whether the short-term effects last long enough to be important is the central topic of debate between monetarist and Keynesian economists. In monetarism prices and wages adjust quickly enough to make other factors merely marginal behavior on a general trend-line. In the Keynesian view, prices and wages adjust at different rates, and these differences have enough effects on real output to be long term in the view of people in an economy. Keynesian economic theory proposes that changes in money supply do not directly affect prices, and that visible inflation is the result of pressures in the economy expressing themselves in prices. Monetarist view Monetarists believe the most significant factor influencing inflation or deflation is how fast the money supply grows or shrinks. They consider fiscal policy, or government spending and taxation, as ineffective in controlling inflation.] According to the famous monetarist economist Milton Friedman,Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.[49] Some monetarists, however, will qualify this by making an exception for very short-term circumstances. Unemployment A connection between inflation and unemployment has been drawn since the emergence of large scale unemployment in the 19th century, and connections continue to be drawn today. In Marxian economics, the unemployed serve as a reserve army of labour, which restrain wage inflation. In the 20th century, similar concepts in Keynesian economics include the NAIRU (Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment) and the Phillips curve. Rational expectations theory For more details on this topic, see Rational expectations theory. Rational expectations theory holds that economic actors look rationally into the future when trying to maximize their well-being, and do not respond solely to immediate opportunity costs and pressures. In this view, while generally grounded in monetarism, future expectations and strategies are important for inflation as well. A core assertion of rational expectations theory is that actors will seek to head off central-bank decisions by acting in ways that fulfill predictions of higher inflation. This means that central banks must establish their credibility in fighting inflation, or economic actors will make bets that the central bank will expand the money supply rapidly enough to prevent recession, even at the expense of exacerbating inflation. Thus, if a central bank has a reputation as being soft on inflation, when it announces a new policy of fighting inflation with restrictive monetary growth economic agents will not believe that the policy will persist; their inflationary expectations will remain high, and so will inflation. On the other hand, if the central bank has a reputation of being tough on inflation, then such a policy announcement will be believed and inflationary expectations will come down rapidly, thus allowing inflation itself to come down rapidly with minimal economic disruption. Austrian view For more details on this topic, see The Austrian view of inflation and monetary inflation The Austrian School asserts that inflation is an increase in the money supply, rising prices are merely consequences and this semantic difference is important in defining inflation.[50] Austrians stress that inflation affects prices in various degree, i.e. that prices rise more sharply in some sectors than in other sectors of the economy. The reason for the disparity is that excess money will be concentrated to certain sectors, such as housing, stocks or health care. Because of this disparity, Austrians argue that the aggregate price level can be very misleading when observing the effects of inflation. Austrian economists measure inflation by calculating the growth of new units of money that are available for immediate use in exchange, that have been created over time.[51][52][53] Critics of the Austrian view point out that their preferred alternative to fiat currency intended to prevent inflation, commodity-backed money, is likely to grow in supply at a different rate thaneconomic growth. Thus it has proven to be highly deflationary and destabilizing, including in instances where it has caused and prolonged depressions.[54] Real bills doctrine Main article: Real bills doctrine Within the context of a fixed specie basis for money, one important controversy was between the quantity theory of money and the real bills doctrine (RBD). Within this context, quantity theory applies to the level of fractional reserve accounting allowed against specie, generally gold, held by a bank. Currency and banking schools of economics argue the RBD, that banks should also be able to issue currency against bills of trading, which is real bills that they buy from merchants. This theory was important in the 19th century in debates between Banking and Currency schools of monetary soundness, and in the formation of the Federal Reserve. In the wake of the collapse of the international gold standard post 1913, and the move towards deficit financing of government, RBD has remained a minor topic, primarily of interest in limited contexts, such as currency boards. It is generally held in ill repute today, with Frederic Mishkin, a governor of theFederal Reserve going so far as to say it had been completely discredited. The debate between currency, or quantity theory, and banking schools in Britain during the 19th century prefigures current questions about the credibility of money in the present. In the 19th century the banking school had greater influence in policy in the United States and Great Britain, while the currency school had more influence on the continent, that is in non-British countries, particularly in the Latin Monetary Union and the earlier Scandinavia monetary union. Anti-classical or backing theory Another issue associated with classical political economy is the anti-classical hypothesis of money, or backing theory. The backing theory argues that the value of money is determined by the assets and liabilities of the issuing agency.[55] Unlike the Quantity Theory of classical political economy, the backing theory argues that issuing authorities can issue money without causing inflation so long as the money issuer has sufficient assets to cover redemptions. There are very few backing theorists, making quantity theory the dominant theory explaining inflation.[citation needed] - Controlling inflation A variety of methods and policies have been used to control inflation. Stimulating economic growth If economic growth matches the growth of the money supply, inflation should not occur when all else is equal.[56] A large variety of factors can affect the rate of both. For example, investment inmarket production, infrastructure, education, and preventative health care can all grow an economy in greater amounts than the investment spending.[57][58] Monetary policy The U.S. effective federal funds ratecharted over fifty years. Main article: Monetary policy Today the primary tool for controlling inflation is monetary policy. Most central banks are tasked with keeping their inter-bank lending rates at low levels, normally to a target rate around 2% to 3% per annum, and within a targeted low inflation range, somewhere from about 2% to 6% per annum. A low positive inflation is usually targeted, as deflationary conditions are seen as dangerous for the health of the economy. There are a number of methods that have been suggested to control inflation. Central banks such as the U.S. Federal Reserve can affect inflation to a significant extent through setting interest rates and through other operations. High interest rates and slow growth of the money supply are the traditional ways through which central banks fight or prevent inflation, though they have different approaches. For instance, some follow a symmetrical inflation target while others only control inflation when it rises above a target, whether express or implied. Monetarists emphasize keeping the growth rate of money steady, and using monetary policy to control inflation (increasing interest rates, slowing the rise in the money supply). Keynesians emphasize reducing aggregate demand during economic expansions and increasing demand during recessions to keep inflation stable. Control of aggregate demand can be achieved using both monetary policy and fiscal policy (increased taxation or reduced government spending to reduce demand). Fixed exchange rates Under a fixed exchange rate currency regime, a countrys currency is tied in value to another single currency or to a basket of other currencies (or sometimes to another measure of value, such as gold). A fixed exchange rate is usually used to stabilize the value of a currency, vis-a-vis the currency it is pegged to. It can also be used as a means to control inflation. However, as the value of the reference currency rises and falls, so does the currency pegged to it. This essentially means that the inflation rate in the fixed exchange rate country is determined by the inflation rate of the country the currency is pegged to. In addition, a fixed exchange rate prevents a government from using domestic monetary policy in order to achieve macroeconomic stability. Under the Bretton Woods agreement, most countries around the world had currencies that were fixed to the US dollar. This limited inflation in those countries, but also exposed them to the danger of speculative attacks. After the Bretton Woods agreement broke down in the early 1970s, countries gradually turned to floating exchange rates. However, in the later part of the 20th century, some countries reverted to a fixed exchange rate as part of an attempt to control inflation. This policy of using a fixed exchange rate to control inflation was used in many countries in South America in the later part of the 20th century (e.g. Argentina (1991–2002), Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile). Gold standard The gold standard is a monetary system in which a regions common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set, fixed quantities of gold. The standard specifies how the gold backing would be implemented, including the amount of specie per currency unit. The currency itself has no innate value, but is accepted by traders because it can be redeemed for the equivalent specie. A U.S. silver certificate, for example, could be redeemed for an actual piece of silver. The gold standard was partially abandoned via the international adoption of the Bretton Woods System. Under this system all other major currencies were tied at fixed rates to the dollar, which itself was tied to gold at the rate of $35 per ounce. The Bretton Woods system broke down in 1971, causing most countries to switch to fiat money – money backed only by the laws of the country. According to Lawrence H. White, an F. A. Hayek Professor of Economic History who values the Austrian tradition,[59] economies based on the gold standard rarely experience inflation above 2 percent annually.[60] However, historically, the U.S. saw inflation over 2% several times and a higher peak of inflation under the gold standard when compared to inflation after the gold standard.[61] Under a gold standard, the long term rate of inflation (or deflation) would be determined by the growth rate of the supply of gold relative to total output.[62] Critics argue that this will cause arbitrary fluctuations in the inflation rate, and that monetary policy would essentially be determined by gold mining.[63][64] Wage and price controls Another method attempted in the past have been wage and price controls (incomes policies). Wage and price controls have been successful in wartime environments in combination with rationing. However, their use in other contexts is far more mixed. Notable failures of their use include the 1972 imposition of wage and price controls by Richard Nixon. More successful examples include the Prices and Incomes Accord in Australia and the Wassenaar Agreement in the Netherlands. In general, wage and price controls are regarded as a temporary and exceptional measure, only effective when coupled with policies designed to reduce the underlying causes of inflation during the wage and price control regime, for example, winning the war being fought. They often have perverse effects, due to the distorted signals they send to the market. Artificially low prices often cause rationing and shortages and discourage future investment, resulting in yet further shortages. The usual economic analysis is that any product or service that is under-priced is overconsumed. For example, if the official price of bread is too low, there will be too little bread at official prices, and too little investment in bread making by the market to satisfy future needs, thereby exacerbating the problem in the long term. Temporary controls may complement a recession as a way to fight inflation: the controls make the recession more efficient as a way to fight inflation (reducing the need to increase unemployment), while the recession prevents the kinds of distortions that controls cause when demand is high. However, in general the advice of economists is not to impose price controls but to liberalize prices by assuming that the economy will adjust and abandon unprofitable economic activity. The lower activity will place fewer demands on whatever commodities were driving inflation, whether labor or resources, and inflation will fall with total economic output. This often produces a severe recession, as productive capacity is reallocated and is thus often very unpopular with the people whose livelihoods are destroyed (see creative destruction). Cost-of-living allowance The real purchasing-power of fixed payments is eroded by inflation unless they are inflation-adjusted to keep their real values constant. In many countries, employment contracts, pension benefits, and government entitlements (such as social security) are tied to a cost-of-living index, typically to the consumer price index.[65] A cost-of-living allowance (COLA) adjusts salaries based on changes in a cost-of-living index. Salaries are typically adjusted annually in low inflation economies. During hyperinflation they are adjusted more often.[65] They may also be tied to a cost-of-living index that varies by geographic location if the employee moves. Annual escalation clauses in employment contracts can specify retroactive or future percentage increases in worker pay which are not tied to any index. These negotiated increases in pay are colloquially referred to as cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) or cost-of-living increases because of their similarity to increases tied to externally determined indexes.

Self Reflection Analysis In The Social Work Sector Social Work Essay

Self Reflection Analysis In The Social Work Sector Social Work Essay Social work practice can be seen as a very complex process as it seeks to promote social change, social justice, equality, anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practices and also social inclusion. It is therefore significant that as social workers, we reflect and evaluate our practice in order that the values we stand for are promoted and adhered to. Reflective practice is therefore a way of making social work professionals more accountable through an ongoing scrutiny of the principles upon which the profession is based (Fook, 2002). However, Ixer (1999) criticizes that reflective practice has simply become uncritical and orthodox mainly because it can be applied in many ways and across many professions. None the less, Donald Schà ¶n (1983) a key theorist of reflective practice, saw reflective practice as a way forward for professionals to bridge the gap between the theoretical and practical aspect of their work by unearthing the actual theory which is embedded in what they do, r ather than what they say they do. He made it clear that by being reflect practitioner, one is aware of the theories or assumptions underlining your practice and what actions to take in improving your practice or providing better services for the service user. To me reflective practice is therefore like a looking glass or mirror where you as a practitioner have the opportunity to correct or redirect your course of action. For the purpose of this assignment, I am going to use a case study from my previous practice placement to illustrate my reflection and evaluation of my own practice, how the use of self, my beliefs and values might have influenced my actions, how I have developed new meaning and understanding through peer supervision/feedback and the unit lectures and how theories underpinning reflective practice may help in improving my practice as a social worker. Case study I e-mailed the learning mentor at N. Middle School concerning a boy named J (for confidentiality purposes). A 12-year old, of White- British background, who was referred to my previous placement agency for having behavioural problems (such as fighting with his peers, being disruptive during lessons, disrespecting his teacher and general misconduct) at school. J from an early age of about 6 had witnessed Domestic Violence in his family. My concern was that J had revealed very confidential information to me regarding his mum and her ex-boyfriend (his mums ex-boyfriend was violent toward his mum and he witness it as well). J was worried that this might happen again since his mums ex-boyfriend was back into his mums life and sleeps over sometimes at the family home. I informed the school about this revelation since it was a school referral and also because J had mentioned that any time his mums ex sleeps over it affects him and his behaviour at school becomes disruptive due to the worrie s he has. When I passed this information to the school authorities, the school also informed Js mum about it which I felt was not appropriate due to the fact that Js mum had been very wary as to what information or issues J would reveal to professionals. In my email I also pointed out the fact that the trust and confidence J had towards me could be undermined since his mum got informed about this although it was suppose to be confidential among professionals. Reflection and Evaluation of my practice In this case study, I felt that the school authorities should have acted more professionally. They should have contacted me first before informing Js mum but this was not the case. I only got to know that they had informed Js mum when she asked me questions or tried to clarify the issues that J had revealed to me. Although, this situation didnt mar my professional relationship with the school authorities at the time, it has made me wary of how much information I can share with other professionals and how that particular information should be treated (if very confidential). I felt that I had eroded the trust and confidence between J and I because his mum got to know about what J had revealed to me although he did not want her knowing. Order to maintain the trust and confidence we had, I should have sought Js consent first. Also the school should have contacted me first before informing Js mum so that my trust and confidence in the school could be maintained as well. I also felt that this broken trust and confidence might extend to other professions who might be working with J in future. This experience could therefore distance J from other professionals (including myself). He might view all professionals as untrustworthy and as enemies rather helpers. This therefore meant that I did uphold public trust and confidence in social care services as enshrined in the code of practice for social workers (TOPPS, 2004) I felt that J was very opened and honest to me. He had trust and confidence in me as well. I listened to him as a friend in a professional capacity which I feel he needed. However, I felt I let him down in this situation because he was not made aware that his mum would be informed (issue of consent). This issue of confidentiality posed as a big ethical dilemma for me, in that I questioned myself whether it was right for the school to have informed Js mum about his revelation? Have I broken Js trust and confidence by informing the school about this? And am I right to question the school authorities why they shared the information with Js mum even though the referral was made by the school. These were ethical dilemmas I was faced with before emailing the Learning mentor. I was therefore aware of these ethical dilemmas and conflict of interest and the implication to my practice (social work value A). However, not sharing the information could also mean that I would be held responsible for my actions if something went wrong. Furthermore, I felt this could have been an issue of potential discrimination, in that the school had overlooked the effect on J, and also the relationship between mother and son, this could have potentially estranged Js relationship with his mum, the school and even me. If this happened, he would be reluctant in dealing with professionals and this may pose as a barrier to him accessing the needed support he may require. Theories used in case study In this case study, the gathering and use of information was the main focus. Establishing service user confidentiality is as important as providing the need/service for him/her. However, though the issue of confidentiality is usually negotiated and established during the agreement meeting with the service user, there are lots of ethical dilemmas surrounding this (as to whom you can share the information with and how much of that information can be shared. Seden (2005) mentioned clearly that in working with Children services it is particularly difficult to have total confidentiality because a child may reveal something or an issue in confidence which may be a child protection issue. And as a professional you would have to share this information with others so that prompt action can be taken. It highlights the fact that in child protection issues, safeguarding and promoting the childs welfare is paramount (Children Act 1989) rather than confidentiality. Yet the Data protection Act 1998 and my previous placement agencys policy on confidentiality also informed me of my practice. In accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998, it entreats all agencies that have access to peoples personal information to keep it safe and must only use the information solely for the purpose for which the information was sought. It also means that if personal information about people fall into the wrong hands it can be used maliciously and our right to private and family life (Human Rights Act 1998) could be contravened. Personal data can further be use to enforce discriminatory and oppressive practice by using it to categorise people in terms of service delivery. Another important theory in this case study was multi-disciplinary and multi-agency working. The Working together document (DOH, 2006) highlights the importance of multidisciplinary and inter agency working in children work force. This document was put together by Department Of Health, Department for Education and Employment and the Home Office. It serves as a guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children as well. In my first placement setting, it was good practice to liaise with the lead professional/organisation that carried out the assessment and referred the case to my agency. All relevant information and process of the intervention were shared with the other agencies involved. In this way I was working according to my agency policy of liaising with other agencies, following the legal requirement of the working together document and meeting unit 17 of the National Occupational Standards (TOPPS 2004). In doing so I was able to communicate effective ly with other professionals and this also facilitated information sharing between professionals. Theories of Reflection Using the case study as a reference point, I realised that most of the reflection I did took place after the event. This is what Schà ¶n (1998) referred to as reflection-on-action. According to Schà ¶n (1998), reflection-on-action therefore means that as a professional, I only sit back after I have undertaken the intervention to think about what I did, how I did and whether there were any ethical considerations I took for granted. In doing so I am able to analyse and critical evaluate my actions and practice and improve on my shortcoming. For example, in the case study scenario, I realised that the trust and confidence J had in me was eroded once his mum was informed about his revelation to me. Had I reflected before the event or during my meeting with J (reflection-in-action), I would have made him aware that his mum would hear about it and hence J and I could have come to an amicable agreement as to how to inform his mum. This might have provided a more positive outcome rather th an the presented outcome in the case study. This same model of reflection-on-action can be related to Gibbs model of reflection. In Gibbs (1988) model, he identified six key stages of reflection; Stage 1: Description of the event A detailed description of the event you are reflecting on. Stage 2: Feelings and Thoughts (Self awareness) Recalling and exploring those things that were going on inside your head. Stage 3: Evaluation- making a judgment about what has happened. Consider what was good about the experience and what was bad about the experience or what did or didnt go so well Stage 4: Analysis- Breaking the event down into its component parts so they can be explored separately. Stage 5: Conclusion (Synthesis) -Here you have explored the issue from different angles and have a lot of information to base your judgement. It is here that you are likely to develop insight into you own and other peoples behaviour in terms of how they contributed to the outcome of the event. The purpose of reflection at this stage is to learn from the experience. Stage 6: Action Plan-During this stage you should think forward into encountering the event again and to plan what you would do would you act differently or would you likely to do the same? These six stages of Gibbs model serve as aiding tools to help professionals critically reflect on their experiences. For instance, through detail description in my case study I am able reflect on my feelings and thoughts towards the school authorities and how my actions may have affected the welfare of J. I have also been able to identify that I did not promote the social work code of practice (upholding public trust and confidence in social services). When faced with a similar situation like this in future or in practice, I believe I would think critically and reflect critically before passing information to other professionals with the view that the information will be used solely for the intended purpose. However, another reflective model is that developed by David Kolb (1984) on experiential learning. Kolb (1984) created his famous model out of four elements: concrete experience, observation and reflection, the formation of abstract concepts and testing in new situations. These entire four elements are connected in a circular way. Kolb (1984) argued that the experiential learning cycle can begin at any one of the four points and that it should really be consider as a continuous and unending process. Meaning, the learning process often begins with a person carrying out a particular action and then seeing the effect of the action in the given event or intervention. Following this, the second stage is reached in which the professional/learner understands these effects in the event or intervention so that if the same action was taken in the same circumstances it would be possible to anticipate what would follow from the action. With this understanding, the third stage is to understand th e general principle under which the particular instance happens. Generalising may involve actions over a range of situations/events for the professional or learner to gain experience beyond the particular instance and suggest the general principle. Understanding the general principle does not imply, in this sequence, an ability to express the principle in a symbolic medium but rather implies only the ability to see a connection between the actions and effects over a range of circumstances. When the general principle is understood, the last stage is the application through action in a new circumstance within the range of generalisations. Thus the action is taking place in a different set of circumstances and the learner is now able to anticipate the possible effects of the action. Two aspects can be seen as especially noteworthy: the use of concrete, here-and-now experience to test ideas; and use of feedback to change practices and theories (Kolb 1984: 21-22). Relating Kolb model to my case study, I felt that by emailing my concerns to the school mentor about how the information was treated seemed a more professional way of dealing with the issue. As the school authorities later apologised to me about their actions. I do believe that if I am faced with a similar situation with other professionals I would elegantly challenge their actions in a similar manner as I have done before and if it works I might generalise that this approach works well. This would therefore give me new meaning and a new perspective as to how to work with other professional collaborative in achieving the desired outcomes for service users. Feedback from my peers. During the learning sets meetings, I presented his case study to my peers and one the learning points from them was that I had assumed that the school authorities would not inform Js mum about the revelation and because of that I hadnt insisted on them keeping the information as confidential as possible until such a time when consent had been sought from J. I in my view this is what Brookfield (1988) called assumption analysis in critical reflection. To him, Assumption analysis describes the activity adults engage in to bring to awareness beliefs, values, cultural practices, and social structures regulating behaviour and to assess their impact on our dad to day activities. Assumptions may therefore be paradigmatic, prescriptive, or causal (Brookfield 1995). He stresses that assumptions structure our way of seeing reality, govern our behavior, and describe how relationships should be ordered. Assumption analysis as a first step in the critical reflection process makes explicit our tak enà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœforà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœgranted notions of reality. Members of the learning set also raised my awareness to the fact that the underlying assumption I had about the case could possibly being derived from my own beliefs, value base, cultural and social background, agency policies, my gender and race. Brookfield (1995) highlighted this by noting that a contextual awareness is achieved when adult learners come to realise that their assumptions are socially and personally created in a specific historical and cultural context. I should therefore have been self aware of the influences my personal, cultural and social (Thompson, 2006) may have had in the given case study. Also, the learning sets helped me to unearthing or understand more about the power imbalances that exist between service users and professionals. One of my group members made it clear that possibly the school authorities acted the way they did because they had the power to do so and as a way of proving to his mum that the boys problem was generated from home rather at school because the mum blames the school authorities constantly for her sons behaviour. According to Mandell (2008), power affects the experience and behaviour of both the practitioner and service user and so the practitioner needs to ask, or be asked, where does power lie in his/her relationship, how does it operate and who is defining the character and direction of whats taking place. Therefore, to be a critical reflective practitioner I need to acknowledge the power imbalances in my practice before making decisions or embarking on a course of action. Its also important for me to consider all the angles and checks out all the details before taking the plunge (Payne, 2002, p124) so that a more opened, honest, fair, just, anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice can be achieved in my service delivery. The case study analysis with my peers provided me yet with another very important learning point. Thus, in sharing the information with the school authorities, I was focusing more on the theory (the Every Child Matters and working together agenda) for off the peg solution (Thompson, 2005, p146) or what Schà ¶n (1998) calls technical rationality, the belief that well developed theory can provide solutions for professionals. Rather, I should have used both my theoretical background and past experiences to help inform me of my practice. This would have had a more balancing effect or less impact on J. With this now, I am confident that my decisions and actions in future placements would be drawn from my theoretical or formal knowledge and that of my past experiences or informal knowledge. Conclusion Summing up, I feel that this unit has provided me with greater insight about how my actions or decisions are influenced by my belief system, culture, values, gender, religion, assumptions, political and social orientation. It have also learnt that drawing from the views of others, I would be able to see the issue or problem from a different perspective and this might help me develop a new meaning of the event. Mezirow (2000) called the process of developing this new meaning of the event as perspective transformation. I now also understand that as a social worker, t would have draw on knowledge from all sources (theoretical and non-theoretical) in order to address the messy complexities of real-life situations and to consider each individual situation or event unique (Yelloly Henkel, 1995). Therefore, the way forward for me as a social worker is to critical reflect on the use of self, the awareness of power imbalances (deconstruction) and the development of new meaning/ perspective( re-construction) illustrated by Howe (2008).

Important Presidents :: essays research papers

The second President of the United States was John Adams, a lawyer and diplomat. Adam’s public career lasted more than 35 years. He was second only to George Washington in making a place for the young United States among the nations of the world. In his devotion to the country he was second to none. Adams was a federalist. He, like other federalists, believed in a strong central government. However, he was independent and decided issues for himself in the interests of his country and often against the interests of his party. Adams was defeated for a second term as president because he defied party power to act for his vision of the nations good. John Adams was born October 30, 1735, in Braintree, Massachusetts. He was the eldest of three sons, children of John and Susanna Boylston Adams. Young John attended a â€Å"dame† school, a school conducted by a woman in her home. Later he went to the Free Latin School. He was handy around cattle and horses, helping with the milking and feeding. He was helpful in the kitchen too, building fires and cleaning up. In summer he went down to the bay to watch the sailing ships come in. In winter he skated on the frozen creeks. He flew homemade kites, collected bird’s eggs, and always had a whittling knife in hand. When he entered Harvard College, he intended to become a minister. By the time he graduated, he had given up the idea. He taught school until he could make up his mind about his future. Adams taught in Worcester, Massachusetts, about 60 miles west of Boston. After a year he began to study law under James Putnam, the town’s leading lawyer. He kept on teaching and spent his after-school hours in Putnam’s office. He was admitted to the bar in November 1758 and settled in Braintree to practice. When he was 29 he married Abigail Smith, a minister’s daughter. She was only 20, but she had schooled herself well in politics and literature. They had four children: Abigail, John Quincy, Charles and Thomas. After he was through serving in the Revolutionary War, he returned to the United States and was elected vice-president under George Washington. In 1792 Washington and Adams were reelected. Political parties began to emerge during Washington’s presidency. Adams and Alexander Hamilton led the Federalist party. They opposed Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican party. In 1797 Adams became president, with Jefferson as vice-president. Despite Adam’s great ability and patriotism, he was never popular. He was often vain and blunt. He was charged with wanting to confine power to the â€Å"rich,

Acceleration Within the School System Essay -- essays research papers

Papers on the topic, acceleration within in the school system, have had two very distinct arguments. There are those who believe that accelerating students, enhances their psychological welfare and academic achievements. On the other hand there are those who raise concerns as to whether, accelerating students does negatively affect them in some dimension. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of acceleration in relation to the educational setting, and to discuss the impact (both negative and positive) that acceleration has on the lives of students. I will discuss how and why students are identified as gifted and or talented, and what consequences arise from this label, if any. The essay will then proceed to offer types of programs available for gifted and or talented students in schools. This paper will focus on the various impacts acceleration has on students. Some discussion will be rendered as to the effect on the parents of accelerated students. My conclusions will be deri ved from the various arguments and research that will be presented throughout the essay. From the introduction we are led to the question, of what actually is acceleration? Davis and Rimm (1994) state that â€Å"any strategy that results in advanced placement or credit may be titled as acceleration†(p. 106). Acceleration is the act of advancing students into grades higher than their year of enrolment allows. The Board of Studies guidelines for accelerated progression (1991), define acceleration as involving, â€Å"the promotion of a student to a level of study beyond that which is usual for his/her age† (p.3). Rice (1970) has also defined it as a â€Å"rapid acquisition of knowledge and skills† (p. 178). These definitions of acceleration, especially the one offered by the Board of Studies, closely align Harrison (1995) who describes a gifted child as: One who performs or who has the ability to perform at a level significantly beyond his or her chronologically aged peers and whose unique abilities and characteristics require special provisions and social and emotional support from the family, community and educational context (p. 19). This definition takes into account the socio-emotional support that gifted children require when identified as gifted or talented. Harrison (1995) further recognises that this support does not come solely from the parents or the school but the community as ... ... &   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Davis, G.A. (Ed.), Handbook of Gifted Education (2nd ed.). (pp. 27-42).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon. Thomas, T.A. (1993). The achievement and social adjustment of accelerated students:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The impact of the Academic Talent Search after seven years. California:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  California State University. (ERIC document ED 368146). VanTassel-Baska, J. (1986). Acceleration. In C. June Maker. (Ed.). Critical issues  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  in gifted education: Defensible programs for the gifted. (pp. 179-195). Texas:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PRO-ED. VanTassel-Baska, J. (1997). What matters in curriculum for gifted learners: Reflections  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  on theory, research and practice. In Colangelo, N. & Davis, G.A. (Ed.),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Handbook of Gifted Education (2nd ed.). (pp. 126-135). Massachusetts: Allyn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  & Bacon.

Examine the Ways in Which Feminist Sociologist Have Contributed to Our Understanding of Family Roles and Relationships.

Examine the ways in which feminist sociologist have contributed to our understanding of family roles and relationships. Feminist believe that women in society are oppressed and exploited by men, they are not seen as equal purely based on their gender. Women are therefore are expected to be subordinate to men resulting in women being disadvantaged in life. Radical feminists believe the family oppress women by patriarchal structures and the family itself.They believe the family benefits men as marriage acts as a prison, men do little in the family compared to women the sexual division in the family exploits women , since their responsibilities for domestic labour and childcare are unpaid, undermines their position in paid employment and increases dependency on men. It thereby maintains an unequal patriarchal society. Therefore radical feminist support divorce as it allows women to escape from marriage, they also support family diversity e. . , single parent families and same sex relati onships. Liberal feminism view the family as optimistic they see a gradual change, through persuasion women are getting men to become more involved in sharing the household and child rearing tasks and society has become fairer through its laws such laws as the sex discrimination act (1970) equal pay act (1970) the symmetrical family is becoming a reality women are getting more jobs and men are getting more involved around at home.D. H. J Morgan point out that not all families fit the model of the nuclear family with a married couple with children, where the husband is the breadwinner and the wife the housewife alone in fact, this is becoming less common and more women now work (1975). However liberal feminist don’t support family diversity and different family structures. Liberal feminists want to raise families in a heterosexual partnership; they don’t see means the enemy unlike radical feminist.They still, by think more can be achieved, by socialised to view the gend ers as equal which would eliminate gender roles. Difference feminist assumes families in general disadvantage women and benefit men. Helen Carby (1892) who was a black feminist believes that racism alongside patriarchal as a form of domination. They agree that for many black women the family can be an oppressive institution. However black women and men are oppressed by racism and that the family often acts a source of support and resistance to racial discriminations and harassment. Postmodern highlight differences etween groups of women in the family situation they avoid making generalisations and see each women situation different. Marxist feminist see the family serve the need of the ruling class. By socialising children into ruling class norms and values leading to a submissive and obedient workforce, with false consciousness and stability for capitalism. Women sever capitalism in two ways: as mothers they have children who will become the next generation of capitalists wage slav es, and as wives, women serve their husbands by doing everything with the family whilst he works.Parsons described the family as a warm bath, he believed that the family helps to relieve stress and tension from work, so he is refreshed for work the next day where he will be able to contribute to society. However for Marxist feminist, they believe the women freshens the man for work every day. This can be changed with the overthrow of capitalist and replacing it with communism will see men and women working alongside each other and becoming equal, childcare therefore will become communal responsibility.