Reaction Paper- Asian and Global Crisis free essay sample

Reaction Paper Asian and Global Crisis During the Asian and Global Crisis many of the criticisms are against accounting and accountants. In my further readings, I’ve read that during the Asian Crisis in 1997, where affected countries suffered severe setbacks in their economies and where development stagnated, the accountancy profession, including its standards, policies and levels of information disclosures, had played a role in the start of the crisis, and perhaps had even worsened it. Moreover, I’ve also read that during both crises, the Asian Crisis and Global Crisis in 2008, insufficient clarity in what was being measured, the wrong things being measured or things being measured inappropriately, lack of standards, inadequate transparency and poor ethical conduct, in short, poor corporate governance is the main breadth and depth of the crises. As a future accountant, what will I do after all the doubts and criticisms against the profession? In my opinion, sufficient clarity on what to measure, measuring things appropriately, following the applicable standards, adequate transparency and good ethical conduct are the things that I should carry out. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper- Asian and Global Crisis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It should be clarified in the accountant on what is the thing that he/she should measure. If I’m the accountant I should be knowledgeable on the nature and I should have understood necessary facts about the account when doing measurement or on examining the reasonableness of the measurement method used by the management. In addition, in measuring risks like financial risk, I should use a valid and reliable risk measurement technique because the information that I’ll be giving will be the basis for the management’s decision-making. If I have measured the things incorrectly or a wrong technique has been used, it could be misleading to the decision-making of the management and may cause chaos in the future to the company. In an accounting perspective, applicable generally accepted accounting standards should be used in the accounts of the financials of the company. Strict compliance should be observed so that transactions are properly recorded, summarized, classified and accounted for. Adequate disclosures should also be done. In the auditing perspective, as an auditor, auditing the company should be in accordance with the applicable generally accepted auditing standards. The auditor should be independent so that the opinion will be unbiased. I would like to emphasize that in compliance with the generally accepted auditing standards, the auditor should always take into consideration if the company provided adequate disclosures. Disclosure on significant matters is really important for the users who don’t have enough information regarding the matter will be informed. However, I have read in an article that there is also a lack of standards that also caused the hitch on crises. Regarding the lack of standards, I think it is already in the hands of the appropriate groups with authorities. Accountants need to refocus the structuring of financial transactions so that they comply with generally accepted accounting principles and that the economic substance of financial transactions is communicated. More accountability and ethical awareness needs to be instilled in the individuals who deceitfully structure financial transactions. Regulatory bodies need to ensure more transparency by closing loopholes and better enforcement of accounting standards. Audit committees, need to be sure that a company is communicating the true economic reality of the financial transactions and financial position of the business entity. Off-balance-sheet financing is one of the most significant ways, among others, that the user of financial statements can be misled. It is time for regulatory bodies to eliminate overly rules-based standards, clearly state the economic objective of each standard, and require firms to disclose the economic motivations for the accounting practices they adopt. While making judgment accountants need to be cautious and prudent. Accounting transactions and other events are sometimes uncertain but in order to be relevant it should be reported in time. Accountants have to make estimates requiring judgment to counter the uncertainty. Prudence is a key accounting principle which makes sure that assets and income are not overstated and liabilities and expenses are not understated. The bottom-line for all of these is to have good corporate governance. As defined by Robert M. Bushman, corporate governance structures serve: 1) to ensure that minority shareholders receive reliable information about the value of firms and that a company’s managers and large shareholders do not cheat them out of the value of their investments, and 2) to motivate managers to maximize firm value instead of pursuing personal objectives. I believe that all of the things I have mentioned are some of the keys that can help me as a future accountant in dealing the reality and to get out of all the doubts against the accounting profession.

The Importance of Personal Therapy on Psychotherapy Students

The Importance of Personal Therapy on Psychotherapy Students Abstract This pilot study investigate the attitudes of trainee therapists towards the current fifty hours of mandatory personal counselling needed for completion of their studies at diploma level. It determines whether it should be more or less, and what else would be beneficial in becoming a counsellor or psychotherapist. In this study, ten students of psychotherapy completed a questionnaire. This questionnaire comprised of eight quantitative Likert questions, and two qualitative questions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Importance of Personal Therapy on Psychotherapy Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The field of psychotherapy is known for solving many ailments and mental problems whose cause was mental and emotional sicknesses. The psychotherapy came as a means to assist the clinical therapist to unravel the emotional and the mental dispositions that threatened health of the pati ents. Psychotherapy is therefore a robust field, which is gaining acceptance all over the world. As a part of study to qualify as a practicing psychotherapist one is required to undergo fifty hours of personal therapy. Personal therapy is where one is supposed to go to a therapist as a patient although in mind, one may not be sick or in dire need of clinical psychotherapy. This research report will delve into what other scholars have studied on this subject. It will look into how students of psychotherapy feel about this practice whether it is beneficial to them or not. The other aspect that this research will delve into is that of whether the mandatory fifty hours of personal therapy are enough or not. The report will include the findings of the report and the discussion. The final part of this report will deal with the recommendation or the way forward because of this study. Literature review There is a lot of study assessing the role of personal therapy that students of psychothe rapy have to undergo in the fulfilment of their course work. There have been various arguments, some that are supportive to this practice while others are negate and see it as a futile procedure that is not necessary. Norcross (2010) indicates that, it did not assist her in getting the much-needed internship, which she was looking for. Irrespective of such feelings, there are a number of reasons, which make this personal therapy important to the scholars. Freud, the founder of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis was the first advocate of students undertaking this practice. He also went for psychotherapy, which he felt, was a relief and that it helped him to recuperate and deal with his personal issues. Personal therapy for the psychotherapy students is as important as for the therapist himself as it ensures that personal problems and issues do not influence the therapist when offering therapy to a patient. There is likelihood that the psychotherapists’ personal values and experi ences in life may affect the manner in which they treat the patients. To ensure that this does not happen, early training of psychotherapy by taking the clients seat and feeling how the clients feel is a way of becoming a good psychotherapists (Barley Lambert 2001).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This training is imperative as it ensures that the students develop listening skills. When the students attend the therapy as clients, they see the importance of an empathetic therapist who is able to get into their shoes and identify with their feelings without prejudice. Without ever having to attend this therapy, the student would not learn how to be empathetic. This is an important quality required for anyone to be an effective psychotherapist. Psychotherapy demands courage from the patient as it involves getting to a stranger and unloading one’s frustrations, fears, uncertainties and success. This is not easy and at times clients are not cooperative and unless the beginner psychotherapist appreciates this fact by sitting at the clients sit one would not ask the patients the necessary questions in fear that it affects the patients’ privacy or feelings (Herman 1993). Various studies show that students who attended personal therapy also believed that they became more patient and tolerant to other people. During the clinical therapy, it is likely for the patient to pause and think or make unclear statements, which they will elaborate later (Lafferty 1989). Without having gone for such a therapy and without knowing the difficulty of putting ones experiences in words one may fail to understand some of the clients expressions which is not good for clinical therapy. Students who attended these trainings acknowledged that they stopped putting words in patients mouth and offering unnecessary advice without listening to them. It enables the learners not to avoid the difficult periods of the psychotherapy that are imperative to the patient’s progress. This is an important skill in psychotherapy to enable the clients discover their problems (Lambert 1996). The other benefit to students who undergo personal psychotherapy is that they gain knowledge of self. This knowledge is critical to any practising psychotherapist as survey done by Association of Psychiatrist indicates that it makes them aware of their personal biases and perceptions and how they react to different situations. This self-knowledge makes it easier for the practitioner to gain a deeper understanding of the client’s needs and personality without indulging ones biases and personal values. This is imperative in ensuring success as a psychotherapist (Lambert 1996). Personal therapy classes and gaining self-knowledge help the students to protect the clients from harm. This is because it becomes easier to know how client is likely to respond to c ertain information based on their personality because they can identify personality types from listening to the client’s words. Knowledge coupled with the increased listening and empathy skills help the student to prevent the client from harm by formulating the relevant therapy and solutions to the patients’ problems and challenges (Barley Lambert 2001).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Importance of Personal Therapy on Psychotherapy Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other importance of the personal therapy undergone by students of psychotherapy is that it reduces the stigma associated with psychotherapy. Psychotherapy is challenging and most people do not seek for therapy unless they have problems such as depression. Going for therapy when one is healthy needs acceptance in the society and there is no better way of making this happen other than ensuring that the students of ps ychotherapy accept its role in their lives. A psychotherapist who stigmatises or fears taking therapy would be like preaching water and taking wine (Sperry 2003). Concerning the quantity of time, there is recommendation of fifty hours of therapy. Various studies indicate that the fifty hours are moderately enough. However, there is no conclusive opinion on the number of hours. Some scholars feel that these hours are too many and likely to create boredom and dislike for psychotherapy while others argue that after the psychotherapy they feel excited and look forward to the next session (Macran 1999). Concerning the necessity of this personal therapy there is a general feeling among different scholars that it enabled them to develop critical skills that are useful in the execution of their duties. Research methodology The research focused on ten students of psychotherapy in an attempt to ensure that, the work is successful and the research identified the correct responses and feeling o f psychotherapy students in Ireland. Although the sample appears to be small, it is a representative as psychotherapy students are not as many as compared with students in other disciplines such as business, arts or science. Sampling was random by picking the students from the psychotherapy diploma register and no criterion was adopted as a means of sampling. There was adoption of the two research methodologies as one methodology could not collect the data satisfactorily. This is because there was need for both qualitative and quantitative data to make the study successful. The number of students who agreed on whether the practice was relevant needed quantitative data collection. However, the reasons and feelings behind their responses required qualitative data collection method (Martin 2000). Ten students attending XXX College, Dublin, Ireland, participated in this study. They were counselling and psychotherapy students who volunteered their time during a research module to fill qu estionnaires. The module tutor monitored all work to ensure that it was done according to the instructions provided.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The questionnaire assessed the participant’s views on personal therapy during training, should it be mandatory? Has it been beneficial? Is it necessary to continue after the mandatory fifty hours? The questionnaire used eight Likert questions that were quantitative and two open qualitative questions. Analysis The following are the findings from the survey. The results indicated that most of the students felt that the personal therapy was necessary. Fifty per cent of the students strongly agreed that the research was necessary; twenty percent agreed that it was necessary and twenty percent were undecided. None of the student disagreed about the necessity of personal therapy as an important part of their study. (n=8) is the number of students who agreed that personal therapy is important. On whether the student would have completed their studies even without personal therapy forty per cent of the students agreed that they would not have been able to complete their coursework if they had not experienced personal therapy. Forty percent were undecided or unaware of the importance of personal therapy in their studies. Two per cent disagreed that personal therapy affected their ability to complete their studies and to become therapists. However, the opinion of those supporting personal therapy outnumbered those who disagreed concerning its contribution to ones success in the coursework. Concerning the importance of personal therapy in continuing personal development, (n=7) seventy percent of the student agreed that it was important. The other thirty percent of the students were undecided. None of the student felt that the personal therapy was not important in their personal development. On whether the students felt that their personal therapist was fully congruent and understanding most of the responses were positive with fifty percent strongly agreeing that they felt their personal therapist was understanding and aware of their feelings. Thirty percent agreed while twenty percent were undecided. This indicates that there was a strong feeling that the personal therapists were understanding and congruent with the students. About the relationship between being a client and being a good therapist, (n=7) agreed that one cannot make a good therapist if they cannot let themselves sit at the patient’s seat and experience how it feels. Thirty percent of the students were undecided on this matter. There was no student who disagreed that there was a relationship between having gone through personal therapy and becoming a good therapist. Concerning whether the personal therapy that the students had in any way influenced their style of therapy, ninety percent agreed. This time there was nobody who was undecided about this matter. However, ten percent of the students disagreed that personal therapy had influenced their style of therapy. This percentage of disagreement is quite high and reasons of their disagreement need to be unearthed. The im portance of continuing with the personal therapy even after the mandatory fifty hours received strong agreement for it to be continued even after the fifty hours of personal therapy. Twenty percent were undecided on whether this should go on or not, however it is imperative to note that there was no student who disagreed that the mandatory fifty hours of personal therapy need an increment. The last area of study was on how the student felt on being clients and whether it made it easy for them to be counsellors. N=10 agreed that playing the role of client assisted them in their development as counsellors. This only varied where eighty percent strongly agreed while twenty percent mildly agreed. However, this was unanimous show that the students felt personal therapy enabled them to play their role as counsellors very effectively. The other part of the responses was qualitative and it differed with the students giving detailed reasons as to why they felt that personal therapy was neces sary to them. Interpretation The necessity of personal therapy to the student therapists is not questionable with most of the students agreeing that it is necessary to them for their future practice as psychotherapist. The strength was shown by the fact that eighty percent agreed with these and there was no disagreement. On whether the personal therapy enables the student to complete their studies in a successful way the answer is positive as seventy percent of the students agreed about this with a minority of the students adopting a different opinion. On the relevance of personal therapy and its influence on the students’ personal development, there was a widespread agreement that it was important. However, the percentage of undecided students is worth noting. Thirty percent, who are undecided on such issue shows that they have not felt any impact of the personal therapy on the development of their personal lives. It indicates that the therapy may not have assisted the stude nt to develop the skills needed in personal therapy such as listening skills and empathy. Specialized research on the undecided students is required to establish why these students are undecided. The percentage of students who agreed that their personal therapist was understanding and congruent with their needs was seventy percent. This shows that the capability of the therapist who is dealing with the students is important in making them understand and feel the importance of personal therapy. However, there were those who were undecided. These figures of indecision are worrying because they show that some of the students are unaware of the importance of personal therapy and their inability to judge situations that are very important for a therapist is lacking. However, it is imperative to note that there were no students who disagreed on this. The students were of the opinion that there was a relationship between being a good therapist and going for personal therapy. Their feeling concur with those of the previous studies conducted by other scholars that personal therapy is important for any therapist. The style of therapy directly relates to the style of their personal therapist. This is because ninety per cent of the students agreed that they adopted their style from their personal therapist. This affirms the earlier statement that there is need for the students to have personal therapist who are highly qualified as they have a lot of influence on how the students will practice psychotherapy on their patients. However, one student disagreed and it is important to identify whom he felt this style of therapy modelled after. This is because it indicates that ten percent of the students’ style of their therapy was different from that of their personal therapist. There is need to increase the mandatory number of hours for student’s personal therapy. This is because the number of students who lived in the institution felt that it was necessary for s uch measures to take place. Eighty percent of the students agreed to support this. This strong feeling about personal therapy indicates the role, which it plays on the practice of the students. Increasing the number of hours would certainly be necessary. The personal therapies that students undergo ensure that they become good counsellors. This is because of the skills they develop from their experience as clinical patients of psychotherapy. In fact, all the students agreed that personal therapy helped them to become good counsellors. Limitations of the study This study was however limited in a number of ways. The scope although representation is small may not represent a diverse feeling of all psychotherapy students in Ireland. The study also failed to classify the students in terms of their demographics such as age and gender as this may affect their perception on psychotherapy. People would be interested to know how many male students felt that the improved therapy made them good counsellors and how many female students felt likewise. In addition, the study did not look into the specific capabilities that the students developed because of this personal therapy. It is imperative to know whether their empathy and listening skills improved from the fifty hours, which they spent with their personal psychotherapist. Discussion Personal psychotherapy on the students is indeed important to those who intend to become psychotherapists or counsellors. The skills and experiences received from that practice prove that personal therapy in the field of psychotherapy is not an outdated practice. This is a major area of influence on the students of psychotherapy. Its role in framing the students’ style of therapy is effective. In addition, it is important for the personal progress of the students in all aspects of their lives as proved in this study. Other than that, it is imperative to increase the mandatory hours of students’ personal psychotherapy. This wi ll make the students more competent as counsellors as well as psychotherapists. References Barley, D Lambert, M 2001, Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome, Psychotherapy, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 357-361. Herman, K 1993, Reassessing predictors of therapist competence, Journal of Counselling Development, vol. 72, pp. 29-32. Lafferty, P 1989, Differences between more and less effective psychotherapists: A study of select therapist variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 76-80. Lambert, M 1996, Current findings regarding the effectiveness of counselling: Implications for practice, Journal of Counselling Development, vol. 74, pp. 601-608. Macran, S 1999, How does personal therapy affect therapists’ practice? Journal of Counselling Psychology, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 419-431 Martin, D 2000, Relation of therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review, Journal of Consulting and Clinica l Psychology, vol. 68, pp. 438-450 Norcross, R 2010, Handbook of psychotherapy integration, Basic Books, New York. Sperry, L 2003, Becoming an effective therapist, Alyn Bacon, Boston.

The Bering Land Bridge Between Russia and North America

The Bering Land Bridge Between Russia and North America The Bering Strait is a waterway that separates Russia from North America. It lies above the Bering Land Bridge (BLB), also called Beringia (sometimes misspelled Beringea), a submerged landmass that once connected the Siberian mainland with North America. While Beringias shape and size while above water is variously described in publications, most scholars would agree the land mass included the Seward Peninsula, as well as existing land areas of northeast Siberia and western Alaska, between the Verkhoyansk Range in Siberia and the Mackenzie River in Alaska. As a waterway, the Bering Strait connects the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Ocean over the polar ice cap, and eventually the Atlantic Ocean. The climate of the Bering Land Bridge (BLB) when it was above sea level during the Pleistocene was long thought to have been primarily a herbaceous tundra or steppe-tundra. However, recent pollen studies have shown that during the Last Glacial Maximum (say, between 30,000-18,000 calendar years ago, abbreviated as cal BP), the environment was a mosaic of diverse but cold plant and animal habitats. Living on the Bering Land Bridge Whether Beringia was habitable or not at a given time is determined by the sea level and presence of surrounding ice: specifically, whenever the sea level drops about 50 meters (~164 feet) below its present position, the land surfaces. The dates when this happened in the past have been difficult to establish, in part because the BLB is currently mostly underwater and difficult to reach. Ice cores seem to indicate that most of the Bering Land Bridge was exposed during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (60,000 to 25,000 years ago), connecting Siberia and North America: and the land mass was above sea level but cut off from east and west land bridges during OIS 2 (25,000 to about 18,500 years BP). Beringian Standstill Hypothesis By and large, archaeologists believe that the Bering land bridge was the primary entryway for the original colonists into the Americas. About 30 years ago, scholars were convinced that people simply left Siberia, crossed the BLB and entered down through the mid-continental Canadian ice shield through a so-called ice-free corridor. However, recent investigations indicate the ice-free corridor was blocked between about 30,000 and 11,500 cal BP. Since the northwest Pacific coast was deglaciated at least as early as 14,500 years BP, many scholars today believe a Pacific coastal route was the primary route for much of the first American colonization. One theory gaining strength is the Beringian standstill hypothesis, or Beringian Incubation Model (BIM), the proponents of which argue that instead of moving directly from Siberia across the strait and down the Pacific coast, the migrants livedin fact were trappedon the BLB for several millennia during the Last Glacial Maximum. Their entry into North America would have been blocked by ice sheets, and their return to Siberia blocked by the glaciers in the Verkhoyansk mountain range. The earliest archaeological evidence of human settlement to the west of the Bering Land Bridge east of the Verkhoyansk Range in Siberia is the Yana RHS site, a very unusual 30,000-year-old site located above the arctic circle. The earliest sites on the east side of the BLB in the Americas are Preclovis in date, with confirmed dates usually no more than 16,000 years cal BP. Climate Change and the Bering Land Bridge Although there is a lingering debate, pollen studies suggest that the climate of the BLB between about 29,500 and 13,300 cal BP was an arid, cool climate, with grass-herb-willow tundra. There is also some evidence that near the end of the LGM (~21,000-18,000 cal BP), conditions in Beringia deteriorated sharply. At about 13,300 cal BP, when rising sea levels began to flood the bridge, the climate appears to have been wetter, with deeper winter snows and cooler summers. Sometime between 18,000 and 15,000 cal BP, the bottleneck to the east was broken, which allowed human entrance into the North American continent along the Pacific coast. The Bering Land Bridge was completely inundated by rising sea levels by 10,000 or 11,000 cal BP, and its current level was reached about 7,000 years ago. The Bering Strait and Climate Control A recent computer modeling of the ocean cycles and their effect on abrupt climate transitions called Dansgaard-Oeschger (D/O) cycles, and reported in Hu and colleagues 2012, describes one potential effect of the Bering Strait on global climate. This study suggests that the closing of the Bering Strait during the Pleistocene restricted cross-circulation between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and perhaps led to the numerous abrupt climatic changes experienced between 80,000 and 11,000 years ago. One of the major fears of coming global climate change is the effect of changes in the salinity and temperature of the North Atlantic current, resulting from glacial ice melt. Changes to the North Atlantic current have been identified as one trigger for significant cooling or warming events in the North Atlantic and surrounding regions, such as that seen during the Pleistocene. What the computer models seem to show is that an open Bering Strait allows ocean circulation between the Atlantic and Pacific, and continued admixing may suppress the effect of the North Atlantic freshwater anomaly. The researchers suggest that as long as the Bering Strait continues to stay open, the current water flow between our two major oceans will continue unhindered. This is likely to repress or limit any changes in the North Atlantic salinity or temperature, and thus lessen the likelihood of sudden collapse of the global climate. Researchers caution, however, that since researchers arent even guaranteeing that fluctuations in the North Atlantic current would create problems, further investigations examining glacial climate boundary conditions and models are needed to support these results. Climate Similarities between Greenland and Alaska In related studies, Praetorius and Mix (2014) looked at the oxygen isotopes of two species of fossil plankton, taken from  sediment cores  off the Alaskan coast, and compared them to similar studies in northern Greenland. Briefly, the balance of isotopes in a fossil being is direct evidence of the kind of plantsarid, temperate, wetland, etc.which were consumed by the animal during its life. What Praetorius and Mix discovered was that sometimes Greenland and the coast of Alaska experienced the same kind of climate: and sometimes they did not. The regions experienced the same general climate conditions from 15,500-11,000 years ago, just before the abrupt climate changes that resulted in our modern climate. That was the onset of the Holocene when temperatures rose sharply, and most of the glaciers melted back to the poles. That may have been a result of the connectivity of the two oceans, regulated by the opening of the Bering Strait; the elevation of ice in North America and/or the routing of freshwater into the North Atlantic or Southern ocean. After things settled down, the two  climates  diverged again and the climate has been relatively stable since then. However, they appear to be growing closer. Praetorius and Mix suggest that the simultaneity of climates may presage rapid climate change and that it would be prudent to monitor the changes. Sources This glossary entry is part of the About.com  Guide to Populating America  and the  Dictionary of Archaeology. Bibliographic sources for this article are on  page two. Ager TA, and Phillips RL. 2008. Pollen evidence for late Pleistocene Bering land bridge environments from Norton Sound, northeastern Bering Sea, Alaska.  Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research  40(3):451–461. Bever MR. 2001. An Overview of Alaskan Late Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical Themes and Current Perspectives.  Journal of World Prehistory  15(2):125-191. Fagundes NJR, Kanitz R, Eckert R, Valls ACS, Bogo MR, Salzano FM, Smith DG, Silva WA, Zago MA, Ribeiro-dos-Santos AK et al. 2008. Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas.  The American Journal of Human Genetics  82(3):583-592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 Hoffecker JF, and Elias SA. 2003. Environment and archeology in Beringia.  Evolutionary Anthropology  12(1):34-49. doi:10.1002/evan.10103 Hoffecker JF, Elias SA, and ORourke DH. 2014. Out of Beringia?  Science  343:979-980. doi:10.1126/science.1250768 Hu A, Meehl GA, Han W, Timmermann A, Otto-Bliesner B, Liu Z, Washington WM, Large W, Abe-Ouchi A, Kimoto M et al. 2012.  Role of the Bering Strait on the hysteresis of the ocean conveyor belt circulation and glacial climate stability.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  109(17):6417-6422. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1116014109 Praetorius SK, and Mix AC. 2014.  Synchronization of North Pacific and Greenland climates preceded abrupt deglacial warming.  Science  345(6195):444-448. Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, Mulligan CJ, Bravi CM, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Khusnutdinova EK et al. 2007.  Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders.  PLoS ONE  2(9):e829. Volodko NV, Starikovskaya EB, Mazunin IO, Eltsov NP, Naidenko PV, Wallace DC, and Sukernik RI. 2008. Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary  History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas.  The American Journal of Human Genetics  82(5):1084-1100. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019

Single-Slit Diffraction and Interference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Single-Slit Diffraction and Interference - Essay Example Diffraction causes the phenomenon of Interference, which is defined as the diffraction pattern produced on a screen on the other side of the obstacle from the light source. Thus, when monochromatic light passes through a single slit, it flares out, producing a single-slit interference or diffraction pattern on the screen. The diffraction pattern has a bright central region, which is surrounded by symmetrically distributed less intense regions. These bright bands are the ‘maxima’ or areas of constructive interference, interspersed by the ‘minima’ or dark regions of destructive interference. Thesis Statement: This paper will describe single-slit diffraction and interference. Single-Slit Diffraction and Interference A plane wave of light travels in a straight line; so when such a wave passes through a rectangular slit, one may expect it to fall on a distant screen in the form of a bright rectangle with sharp edges. However, the process of diffraction of light t hrough the single-slit causes the interference or diffraction pattern formed on the screen to have blurred edges with faint lines of bright and dark, where some light has spread into the shadow. The light wave spreading out from the slit is actually the interference effect termed as diffraction. As a result of diffraction, the light’s intensity is not uniform on the screen, and it extends into the shadow where it appears as secondary maxima. Between bright places in the shadow there are dark places termed intensity minima, where there is no light. According to Holbrow, Lloyd, Amato et al (2010), this is to be expected, taking a single slit of finite width b as two slits of width b/2 with no separation between them. â€Å"There might be interference between the light wavefronts coming from these two different halves of the slit† (Holbrow et al 2010, p.313). By considering the slit of width b to be composed of narrower slits, the occurrence of the intensity minima of the Interference or diffraction pattern can be calculated. Serway and Vuille (2006) reiterate that slits cannot be assumed to have negligible widths acting as line sources of light. On the other hand, their non-zero widths form the basis for understanding the nature of the Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern produced by a single slit. Further, â€Å"according to Huygens’ principle, each portion of the slit acts as a source of waves† (Serway & Vuille 2006, p.638). A single slit diffraction pattern is formed when light passes through a single slit whose width w is on the order of the wavelength of the light. Huygen’s principle states that each part of the slit can be considered as an emitter of waves. â€Å"All these waves interfere to produce the diffraction pattern† (Physics, 2012). In the diagram (Fig.1) below is seen a slit of width w, through which light is passing through. Fig.1. Single-Split Diffraction and Interference: Direction of the Light Wave (Physics, 2012) Destructive interference may occur between the ray at the top edge (ray 1) and the middle ray (ray 5). If so, the same occurs between rays 2 and 6, between 3 and 7, and b between 4 and 8. Thus, light from one-half of the single slit interferes destructively and cancels out light from the other half. â€Å"Ray 1 and ray 5 are half a wavelength out of phase if ray 5 must travel one-half wavelength further than ray 1† (Physics, 2012). Fig.2. Single-Split Diffraction: Gradations in Light Intensity and Dark Areas (Physics,

An International Marketing Plan for Bright Eyes to Enter the Market of Research Paper

An International Marketing Plan for Bright Eyes to Enter the Market of Brazil and Denmark - Research Paper Example It is critical to understand that choosing right mode of entry as well as designing right marketing mix. Since each market carries its own dynamics and peculiar factors, therefore, the strategic outlook would require developing appropriate market entry strategy, deciding on which approach to take while designing marketing mix, detailing the elements in marketing mix as well as organization and coordination of marketing activities. This report will present an international marketing plan for Bright Eyes to enter the market of Brazil and Denmark. This plan will detail as to what market entry strategies should be adopted by the firm in each market besides discussing as to what marketing mix approaches to be undertaken. This plan will also detail as to how the overall marketing activities will be coordinated across both the markets and how Bright Eyes should approach both these markets in order to achieve its strategic objectives. Brazil’s economy is considered as the sixth largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP1. Brazil is also part of what is called BRIC, a group of four top emerging economies in the world suggesting that Brazil is one of the key markets to look for growth. What is important to note that Brazil has relatively opened its markets and is transitioning towards the free market economy. Such approach, therefore, would critically allow any international firm to easily set its feet on the ground and capture the market without significant hurdles. The Brazilian economy is also considered as the largest economy in Latin America and is believed to be one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The increasing competitiveness of the economy, the rise of an affluent class within Brazilian society as well as globalization forces have made Brazil as one of the lucrative markets in the world.

Workplace Morals and Ethics

Workplace Morals and Ethics Introduction Over the past few years, principles of morals and ethics have become an integral part of the cultural structure of the workplace. Thus, most organisations and industry associations now incorporate these principles within their code of practice. The inclusion of these principles is intended to improve the professionalism of the business employees. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how this aid to professionalism is achieved within a property industry environment. Definition of Morals and Ethics Whilst the terms â€Å"ethics† and â€Å"morals† have different meanings, both are intrinsically linked. The RICS professional ethics guide (2000) rely on the definition as ethics being the code of moral principles, with morals being defined as the linked to the expected standard of conduct from the individual. When translating this to a business environment, the society have used the term â€Å"giving of one’s best to ensure that clients interest are properly cared for, but in doing so the wider public interest is also recognised and respected.† However, as a survey carried out by the same organisation (Poon 2004), this code is not unanimously achieved within the property and construction industry, where reduction in ethical standards was perceived by thirty eight percent of the respondents, despite the fact that, when faced with ethical issues, the clients interest were seen as the most important. Moral and ethical principles in the workplace Principles of morals and ethics are uniquely connected with the concept of â€Å"right and wrong† (Harris and Moran 2000, p.321) and therefore, one would expect them to be a primary focus for any organisation and its work ethics. Society itself is based upon the maintenance of certain standards which one would expect to be transferred to the workplace (Harris and Moran 2000, p.7). The same researchers have stated that part of the problems linked with the failures in work ethics can be linked with the way that the media promotes recreation and leisure as more important (ibid p.235). Nevertheless, as the public perceptions of standard has moved more towards standards of quality and service in recent years, organisations have begun to focus on the need for the introduction of ethical codes and standards. All organisations, irrespective of whether they are in a commercial environment or not, are performing a public service. The aim is to provide a product or service to the end user that is fit for the purpose, offered fairly without biased, does not offend, is legal and satisfies the demands and expectations of the consumer. For example, within the construction industry this would mean producing a product (a house) that is fit to be lived in and of a standard that householders would expect. In other organisations connected with the property industry, such as surveyors, fairness and honesty in their service is also expected by the consumer. There are numerous incidence where properties have been found unfit, despite assurances of standard from both the construction and property services organisations. Such issues also arise in the public sector. Despite moves towards a â€Å"market-oriented† system (Gilroy and Woods 2002, p.203), consumers still expect standards to be maintained. Harris and Moran (2000, p.279) state that public service, and for this can be included any service or product delivered to the consumer, â€Å"is a moral responsibility.† However, to achieve this position, moral and ethical principles must be applied both all the business stakeholders, both internal and external. This will include suppliers, employees and consumers. If each is treated fairly and ethically, then they in turn will treat others in the same manner. For example, if a supplier of raw materials is treated unfairly by a construction company, in terms of being pressured to unacceptably reduce prices or wait for payment, in other words treated unfairly, they are likely to feel that it is acceptable for them to treat the construction customer in the same manner. This will reflect on the moral standard the end user receives. Internally within the organisation, the same scenario would apply. If employs are treated unfairly or unequally, it will affect their working ethic. Unfair methods of the promotional choice methods can often reflect this (Harris and Moran 2000, p.187). People who are unfairly excluded from promotion will fell that the company has not treated them ethically or equally, which is part of the reason that equality has become a central part of employment laws (Kirton and Greene 2002, p.201). Moral and ethical codes can only be implemented if based around a â€Å"culture of dialogue† (Farrell et al 2003, p.103). As Simon Webley (2001) of the Institute of Business Ethics suggests it is a matter of asking question, of both oneself and others within the organisations. For the instigator of any decision, Webley suggest that they should consider the following points. Are the reasons for my decision transparent and is there an objection to others knowing the decision-making process? If I make this decision, whom will it affect and will it cause harm? Would others consider this decision fair to all who are affected by it? In essence, it is a question of â€Å"treating others as one would expect to be treated.† Therefore, ethics rely not only upon the behaviour of the individual, but also upon the interaction between groups of people, including management, especially within the workplace (Harris and Moran 2000, p.14). An ethical code will have a positive impact in the workplace and the stakeholders attached to it. Taking the example of the construction industry, if a supplier is treated fairly and in the right manner, they will respond in kind, providing a quality of goods and service that will enhance the delivery ability of the constructor. Similarly, if the construction employee is treated with fairness and consideration, they will become more productive in their work and respond in a positive manner to the customer. Lastly, if the constructor takes an ethical approach to the house that they are building, incorporating the right standards and quality, then the consumer will be satisfied. The result of this ethical process being met at all stages is that the business and all connected with it will be satisfied and secure and the organisations involved will achieve economic growth ((Bellamy and Warleigh, 1998: 453-6). Quoted in Mary Farrell et al 2002, p.114) Conclusion As can be seen from this research, the introduction of ethical codes does improve the actuality of fairness and, from the end users view, the perception of standard. Therefore, the employees of the business, in any position, will be considered to be behaving in a more professional manner. It follows that ethical and moral codes are a significant aid to professionalism. References Farrell Mary et al (eds) (2002). European Integration in the 21st century: Unity in Diversity. SAGE Publications. London, UK. Gilroy Rose and Woods Roberta (2001). Housing Women. Routledge. Oxford, UK. Harris, Philip. R and Moran Robert T (2000). Managing Cultural Differences: Leadership Strategies for a New World of Business. Gulf Publishing. Houston, US. Kirton Gill and Greene Anne-Marie (2001). The dynamics of managing diversity. Butterworth-Heinemann. Oxford, UK. Schneider Susan and Barsoux Jean-Louis (2003). Managing Across Cultures. Prentice Hall. Harlow, UK. Webley, Simon (2007). Eight Steps for a company wishing to develop its own corporate ethics programme. Institute of Business Ethics. Retrieved 14 May 2007 from http://www.ibe.org.uk/developing.html Poon, Dr Joanna (2004). The study of ethical behaviours of surveyors. Retrieved 17 May 2007 from http://www.rics.org/NR/rdonlyres/B5CE6FFE-C764-4648-81DF-C2C6079E68E1/0/ethical_behaviour.pdf Professional ethics (2000). Professional ethics guidance note: Part 1 introduction. Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors. London, UK.

Consumer behavior Essay

1. Why would someone shop on the internet ? buy an ipad ? eat at T. G. I. Fridays frequently ? -Because of the fast-paced world that we live in it would be more practical to shop through the internet because of its accessibility. Through online shopping customer can get the product and avail the services they need in just a simple click of button it saves them time and energy. An ipad is a tablet computer developed by Apple. It is smaller than a typical laptop, but significantly larger than the average smartphone. The iPad does not include a keyboard or a trackpad, but instead has a touchscreen interface , which is used to control the device. Due to it’s portability, accessibility, ease of use, and the great applications you can avail with it millions of people around the world are ipad user and hundreds are still planning to get their self one, so they can ride along in the bandwagon and be one with the trend. Having an ipad can also defined one’s social status so, even though it is expensive with it’s benefits and the image it can give to a person we find iPAD’s as a practical thing to buy. T. G. I. Fridays is an American restaurant chain focusing on casual dining. It offers it’s customers good food and an American dining experience though it maybe expensive compared to other restaurant but, it is a great place to relaxed after a hard days work. a) Why would someone else not make those purchases? -Other People find it much more complicated to shop through the internet and prefer the old fashion way of shopping, some find iPad’s expensive and impractical and other people find eating at an expensive restaurant just a waste of time and money and they just prefer to eat home cooked meal. b) How would you choose one outlet, brand and model over the others? – If they have a good ambiance and feel of their store, the sales person offers good service and if their product are worthy and reasonable enough for their price. c) Would others make choice the same way ? -I guess not, because other people prefer to go with products with cheaper prices.